1. Doctoral Education in Canada, 1900-2000 Dr. Garth Williams www.publicknoweldge.cawww.publicknoweldge.ca / www.savoirpublic.ca www.savoirpublic.ca

2. “Armed with cutting edge technology from around the world, the latest tools, the latest techniques and processes learned from their work under the very best researchers, they graduate with much fanfare and go on to build the industry, institutions and society of our country.” Mike Lazaridis 1 Founder, President and CEO, Research-in-Motion Chancellor, University of Waterloo 1 Mike Lazaridis, “The Importance of Basic Research,” in Re$earch Money, Vol. 18, no. 18, (2004), p. 8.

3. Periods of Development 1. Foundation: 1900 to 1950 2. Expansion: 1950 to 1980 3. Globalization: 1980 to the present

4. First Doctoral Degrees Conferred (excluding medical doctors) University of Toronto, 1900 McGill University, 1909 Université de Montréal, 1922 Université Laval, 1932

5. Doctoral Degrees Conferred, 1920-1950 2 1920 – 24 1925 – 28 1930 – 46 1935 – 68 1940 – 75 1945 – 104 1950 – 202 2 Statistics Canada. “Degrees awarded by Canadian universities and colleges, by sex, Canada, selected years, 1831-1973.” Historical Statistics of Canada, 11-516-X1E, Section W: Education, Series W504-512.

6. Federal Initiatives, 1950- 1980 3 1951 -Direct grants to universities Increased funding for the National Research Council 1957 - Established the Canada Council for the Arts 1960 - Created Medical Research Council 1967 - Replaced direct grants to universities with conditional transfers to provincial governments (1959 in Québec) 1977 -Established Program Financing Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council 3 David Cameron, “Post-secondary Education and Research: Whither Canadian Federalism?” in Frank Iacobucci and Carolyn Tuohy, editors, Taking Public Universities Seriously (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005), p. 277-282.

7. Provincial Initiatives, 1960 - 1980 4 1960 to 1975 - Increased universities’ operating expenditures nation-wide by 1,000 per cent. The contribution of student fees to university operating expenditures declined from 25 per cent to 14 per cent nation-wide. 1968 – Université du Québec 1969 – UQAM, UQAC, UQAR, UQTR. INRS, ÉNAP 1970 – UQAT 1974 – ÉTS, Concordia University 1981 – UQO 4 Statistics Canada. Historical Statistics of Canada, 11-516-X1E, Section W: Education.

8. Degrees Conferred, 1960 - 1980 5 1960 – 306 1965 – 696 1970 – 1,625 1975 - 1,680 5 Statistics Canada. “Degrees awarded by Canadian universities and colleges, by sex, Canada, selected years, 1831-1973.” Historical Statistics of Canada, 11-516-X1E, Section W: Education, Series W504-512.

9. Federal Initiatives, 1980 – Present 6 Phase I (1980 - 1997) 1980 - Capped Established Program Funding 1995 - Canada Health and Social Transfer - Reduced Council Funding 6 David Cameron, “Post-secondary Education and Research: Whither Canadian Federalism?” in Frank Iacobucci and Carolyn Tuohy, editors, Taking Public Universities Seriously (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005), p. 277-282.

10. Federal Initiatives, 1980 – Present “There can be few things more critical to determining our economic success in the next century than a vigorous, broad- based research and development effort. The fact is the more R&D that is done in Canada, the more jobs will be created for Canadians.” Paul Martin 7 Finance Minister, 1998 7 Paul Martin, Budget Speech, (Ottawa: Department of Finance Canada, 1998).

11. Federal Initiatives, 1980 – Present 8 Phase II (1997 - Present) 1997 - Canada Foundation for Innovation 1998 - Restored Council Funding 2000 - Genome Canada - Canada Research Chair Program - Canadian Institutes of Health Research 2001 - Indirect Costs of Research (permanent 2003) 2003 - Canada Graduate Scholarship Program 8 David Cameron, “Post-secondary Education and Research: Whither Canadian Federalism?” in Frank Iacobucci and Carolyn Tuohy, editors, Taking Public Universities Seriously (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005), p. 277-282.

12. Provincial Initiatives, 1980 – Present 9 Public spending on universities declined 4.5 per cent despite an 18 per cent increase in university enrolment. Public contributions to university operating budgets declined from 81 per cent, in 1986-87, to 61 per cent in 2000-01. 1983 – FCAR 9 Statistics Canada.“Changing patterns of university financing,” Education Quarterly Review, Vol. 9, no. 2, (2003), pp. 11. Catalogue no. 81-003.

13. Enrolment, 1980 - 2000 10 University Enrolment increased 30 per cent Graduate Enrolment increased 66 per cent Doctoral Enrolment increased 106 per cent 10 Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Trends in Higher Education (Ottawa: Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada, 2002), p. 8. Jean Lebel, Statistical Report 1990-2001 (Ottawa: Canadian Association for Graduate Studies, 2001) p. 1. L.C. Payton, 1982 Statistical Report (Ottawa: Canadian Association of Graduate Schools, 1982) p.28.

14. Doctoral Education, 2001 11 27,340 Doctoral Students 3,660 Degrees Conferred Concentrated Broad Interests – Targeted Support Interdisciplinary Studies Diverse Student Population Multiple Career Tracks 11 Jean Lebel, Statistical Report 1990-2001 (Ottawa: Canadian Association for Graduate Studies, 2001) p. 65

15. Concentrated provincially, 2001 12 Province PhD Students (no)(%) Population (%) Ontario10,90039.938.0 Québec8,510 31.124.1 British Columbia3,050 11.213.0 Alberta2,860 10.59.9 Manitoba545 2.03.6 Saskatchewan480 1.83.2 Nova Scotia445 1.63.0 New Brunswick270 1.02.4 Newfoundland255 0.91.6 Prince Edward Island10 0.40.4 12 Jean Lebel, Statistical Report 1990-2001 (Ottawa: Canadian Association for Graduate Studies, 2001), p. 6-7. Statistics Canada. A profile of the Canadian Population: where we live. Census, 2001. (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 2002). Catalogue no. 96F0030XIE2001001.

16. Concentrated in Cities, 2001 13 50.6 per cent of PhD Students are in three major cities Montréal: 21.2 per cent Toronto: 19.7 Vancouver: 9.7 33.2 per cent study in other large cities Edmonton 7.2 per centLondon 3.2 Québec City 6.1Waterloo 2.8 Ottawa 5.2Hamilton 2.7 Calgary 3.2 13 Jean Lebel, Statistical Report 1990-2001 (Ottawa: Canadian Association for Graduate Studies, 2001), p. 8.

17. Concentrated institutionally, 2001 14 15 universities enrolled 79.9 per cent of all doctoral candidates 6 universities enrolled 51.9 per cent University of Toronto (15.9 per cent) Université de Montréal (8.07) University of British Columbia (7.39) University of Alberta (7.23) McGill University (7.15) Université Laval (6.11) 14 Jean Lebel, Statistical Report 1990-2001 (Ottawa: Canadian Association for Graduate Studies, 2001), p. 8.

18. Broad Interests – Targeted Support 15 DisciplineEnrolmentFunded SSH50.7 per cent50 per cent Sci/Eng43.157 Health Sci6.266 15 The column “funded” indicates the percentage of students in each discipline who said they replied primarily on fellowships or bursaries from federal, provincial or university sources to fund their doctoral studies. Jean Lebel, Statistical Report 1990-2001 (Ottawa: Canadian Association for Graduate Studies, 2001), p. 9. Statistics Canada. Survey of Earned Doctorates: A Profile of Doctoral Degree Recipients. Ottawa: Culture, Tourism and the Centre for Education Statistics Research Papers, 2005. Catalogue no. 81-595-MIE2005032.

19. Diverse Student Population 16 YearFull timeWomenForeign 199182.235.536.0 200189.646.133.9 16 Jean Lebel, Statistical Report 1990-2001 (Ottawa: Canadian Association for Graduate Studies, 2001). Statistics Canada. Survey of Earned Doctorates: A Profile of Doctoral Degree Recipients. Ottawa: Culture, Tourism and the Centre for Education Statistics Research Papers, 2005. Catalogue no. 81-595-MIE2005032.

20. Multiple Career Tracks 17 Employment of PhD graduates with firm plans for the coming year, 2005 Ed.S&TH/Soc.P.S.Prod.Other Humanities78.7--7.3-9.6 Social Sciences51.16.129.39.6-- Physical Sci.43.626.6-12.510.1- Engineering37.332.6-8.414.9- Life Sciences38.919.915.810.18.56.8 Other83.95.3-6.9-- Total57.013.410.69.04.65.4 17 Note that “life sciences” denotes agricultural, biological and health sciences. “Other” disciplines include, principally, education and professional fields. “Ed.” indicates educational services. “H/Soc.” indicates health and social service professions. “P.S.” indicates public service. “Prod.” indicates a field of industrial production. Statistics Canada. Survey of Earned Doctorates: A Profile of Doctoral Degree Recipients. Ottawa: Culture, Tourism and the Centre for Education Statistics Research Papers, 2005. Catalogue no. 81-595-MIE2005032.

21. This presentation is based on a paper prepared for the Canadian Association of Graduate Studies. The paper is available at: http://www.cags.ca/Portals/34/pdf/doctoral_education_canada_1900- 2005.pdf

22. Thank you / Merci Garth Williams, Ph.D. Principal Public Knowledge Canada / Savoir Public Canada www.publicknoweldge.ca / www.savoirpublic.ca www.publicknoweldge.ca www.savoirpublic.ca