1. The Dawn of Creation and the Beauty of the Universe Wichita State University April 6, 2010 Steven Beckwith University of California

2. Expansion of the universe Hubble 1929 H 0 = 73 km/s/Mpc H 0 = 500 km/s/Mpc H 0 = 73 km/s/Mpc

3. Expansion history of the universe Perlmutter et al. (1999) Riess et al. (1998) Constant in past (expected) Slower in past (big surprise!) Redshift cz (km/s) 30,000 300,000 3,000 100 1,000 10,000 Distance (Mpc) Farther in the past Riess, Press, & Kirshner (1996)

4. 8/8/20154 Adam Riess & Saul Permutter

5. Astronomer Fritz Zwicky & dark matter

6. Galaxy Clusters & Dark Matter 2: Determine the gravitational mass needed to bind the energies of the galaxies (from the velocities): kinetic energy = -½ gravitational energy 1: Determine the mass in stars from the light Zwicky found that: M gravity ~ 50 M stars

7. Gravitational Lensing Reveals Total Matter

8. The Standard Cosmology  tot = 1.0 ± 0.1 h  ≈  71.9 ± 2.6 t 0 = 13.73 ± 0.12 Gyr T CMB = 2.726 ± 0.010 ºK   = 0.742 ± 0.030  M = 0.258 ± 0.030 z reion = 11.0 ± 2.6 n s = 0.963 ± 0.014  b = 0.02273 ± 0.00062

9. History of Universe

10. The Universe at 300,000 years The Cosmic Microwave Background T = 2.726 K  T = 3.35 mK  T = 18 µK  T = 6 µK

11. Density fluctuations in the early universe

12. Waves & Prefered Scales 5 m 1 m 1/5 m -1 1 m -1 Wave amplitude spectrum Amplitude f(Hz) direction

13. Size scale of fluctuations Temperature fluctuation power (  K 2 ) 1º 90º2º0.5º0.2º

14. WMAP 7 yr Cosmology

15. Millenium development of structure

16. NGC 1300 8/8/201516

17. Hoag’s Object 8/8/201517

18. M87 8/8/201518

19. NGC 4458 8/8/201519

20. NGC 5866 8/8/201520

21. Sombrero Galaxy 8/8/201521

22. NGC 7469 8/8/201522

23. History of Universe

24. Ultra Deep Field 8.8 3.3 1.8 1.0 0.8 T then (Gyr) T now 13.7 Gyr UDF Skywalker http://www.aip.de/groups/galaxies/sw/udf/

25. Galaxy Morphologies Debra Elmegreen and colleagues (2005) Chain Clump- cluster Double Tadpole Spiral Elliptical

26. Galaxy Distances: The Lyman Break 26 Steidel et al 1999, ApJ, 462, L17 B V i z z = 5 1.2 Gyr z = 4 1.6 Gyr z = 1 5.9 Gyr z = 0 13.7 Gyr B V i z B-dropout 912 A

27. i-Drop Morphologies Galaxies when the universe was <1 billion years old Milky Way at high redshift

28. 28 Colliding Galaxy Movie

29. 29 HST Galaxy

30. z 850 Dropouts (z ~ 7, 780 Myr) 8/8/201530 Oesch et al. 2010, arXiv:0909.1806v2

31. Discovering New Phenomena 10 8 16001700180019002000 Galileo Sensitivity Improvement over the Eye Year of observation Telescope technology Detection technology 10 6 10 4 10 2 Huygens eyepiece Slow f ratios Short’s 21.5” Herschell’s 48” Rosse’s 72” Photograpic Mount Wilson 100”Mount Palomar 200”Soviet 6-m After Fig. 3.10 in Cosmic Discovery, M. Harwit 10 1 0 Electronic Hubble Space Telescope James Webb Space Telescope

32. HST & JWST JWST HST TMT SNAP Galaxy sizes, shapes & luminosities: 0 < z < 10 Creation of “beauty” Expansion history: 0 < z < 2 Dark matter vs. time & space Census of galaxies: 5 < z < 20 Re-ionization of universe Dynamics of assembly & composition: 0 < z < 5 LSST Expansion history: 0 < z < 1 Wide-field surveys with small telescopes: Baryon Acoustic Oscillations, Evolving Structure

33. Abell 1689 - STScI Release

34. Image credit: V. Springel 1 Gyr z=6 3.3 Gyr z=2 13.7 Gyr z=0 The growth rates depend on the way that gravity acts within the expansion history. Discrepancy between the growth rate of structures predicted by general relativity during the expansion of the universe would be a smoking gun for New Physics. Structure develops as gravitational collapse competes with an expanding universe.

35. Remnant structure from early sound waves Cosmic Microwave Background Transverse "wave" Longitudinal "wave" The spectrum of “wavelengths” in the distribution of matter (galaxies) tells us how the frozen in pattern of early sounds waves has evolved with universal expansion. Expected wavelength = 150 Mpc = standard ruler Predicted galaxy distribution