1. THE AMERICAN INDIANS

2. Adaptation and Migration Adaptation – Changing the way one lives to survive in an environment Migration – A group of people moving from one are to another After the ice sheet from the Ice Age melted, plants and animals needed to adapt or leave. The humans had to change their weapons, shelters, farming techniques. There are no photographs of the earliest people, but we can imagine how they lived by studying different remains and artifacts

3. Archaeologists Archaeologists – Scientists who study people Archaeologists study artifacts, items made by people, in order to infer things about ancient people.

4. Prehistoric American Indians Very difficult to study because there is no written record Danger Cave Found near Wendover Some artifacts date back to 11,000 years ago Dog bones were found dating back to 9000 years ago

5. Prehistoric Indians cont. Hogup Cave Located in the West Desert near the Salt Lake Had two chambers made of limestone Different cultures, a group living at a particular time and place, also their way of living, lived in this cave over 8000 years In 1970, vandals destroyed Hogup cave. Very little was recovered.

6. The Archaic Indians: Desert Gatherers Spent most of their days gathering food Adapting to the environment The people knew when to gather certain foods They gathered plants, animal eggs, fish, and hunted They also knew the migration habits of different animals They would also move where they lived depending on the season These people lived in wiki-ups

7. Archaic Indians cont. These people made all sorts of baskets out of all sorts of fibers These baskets carried everything from seeds and other food, to water, to children They also made sandals, tools, and weapons out of any fiber they could find They would also make other clothing such as robes The main weapon and hunting tool for these people was the atlatl

8. Show atlatl video

9. Later Native Groups These groups came later than the hunters and gatherers What makes them different is that they farmed and established permanent settlements They were called the Fremont, who lived in the northern part of Utah, and the Anasazi, who lived in the southern part of Utah

10. Anasazi Indians They lived around the corners of Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico They began to use the bow and arrow, which was more effective than the atlatl The land where they lived was very dry, so the people built dams an reservoirs to water their crops

11. Anasazi Pottery Their pottery had very distinct zigzag designs They would also weave baskets and clothing

12. Anasazi Dwellings The first Anasazi dwellings were pit houses Hundreds of years later, they began to built their houses into cliffs They also built places of worship called kivas Eventually the Anasazi Indians left their homes Nobody knows why or where they went It is still a mystery to historians

15. Fremont Indians Lived in the dry valleys and mountains of the Great Basin The Fremont interacted and traded with the Anasazi They were both farmers and hunter-gatherers They lived near rivers our at the mouth of canyons where the soil was good for farming The Fremont Indians lived in pit houses

17. Pottery and Art Most of the Fremont pottery was made out of clay They also made little clay figurines that looked like people They would dress these figures in clothing and jewelry

18. Fremont Migration The Fremont also left their homes around the same time as the Anasazi, 1300 AD Why did these groups leave their homes?

19. Rock Art - Anasazi

20. Rock Art - Fremont

21. Historic American Indians The next group of Indians are called historic Indians because there is a written history about them They were here when the Europeans first came here These groups are divided into five different tribes The tribes are then divided into smaller bands or clans These tribes all came into Utah from different places They all spoke different languages, had different cultures, dances, rituals, and ceremonies Although the land divided amongst the tribes, nobody owned the land

22. Utah’s Five Indian Tribes

23. The Land Provides Food The tribes would hunt, fish, and farm depending on where they lived The Utes and Shoshones had horses and were able to hunt larger animals like bison and antelope The Utes lived in the mountain valleys and near lakes and streams They were the largest tribe in Utah The Shoshone lived more north and stretched into Idaho and Wyoming

24. Land Provides Food cont. The Navajo in the four corners region of Utah They raised sheep and goats and mostly farmed They eventually get horses, but a lot later than the Utes The Paiutes and the Goshutes lived in the western part of Utah They did not have horses, so the mainly farmed and hunted small animals The Goshute were often called “Root-diggers” because they often dug up roots of plants to eat

25. Dwellings The tribes lived in different dwellings depending on their land area and their tribal traditions The Navajo lived in hogans These were wood framed dwellings covered with dirt It was a spiritual connection to Mother Earth The door of the hogan always faced east to meet the rising sun Modern Navajo live in modern homes, but still have hogans for ceremonial purposes

26. Dwellings cont. Paiutes and Goshutes lived in large family groups in small villages They built wiki-ups These are small brush covered houses made by weaving grasses and branches together These provided shade for the Indians during the summers During the winters, they usually lived in mountain caves where they were protected from the wind and could build fires

27. Dwellings cont. The Utes and Shoshones lived in teepees made out of buffalo skins Families could have a fire in the middle of the teepee, and the smoke would escape out the open top Utes and Shoshones lived in large bands of up to 200 people

28. Cultural mixing When the white settlers made it to the Utah area, many natives began trading with them They would buy a lot of clothing and tools from the white men

29. A Spiritual People Some Indian group were monotheistic, the belief in one God, and others were polytheistic, belief in many gods The main focus of most Indian religions is a reverence and respect towards nature The different tribes sang and danced to communicate with their gods and to ask for protection American Indians would pass down their history through story-telling This gave the Indians a strong sense of oral traditions