1. Diesel: Gasoline’s Dirty Cousin? Or the Little Engine that Keeps American Power Reliable By: Michael D. Mankowski

2. How is Diesel Different from Gasoline?(1) Diesel is a petroleum-based fuel with a higher energy content than gasoline. –contains about 30% more energy per gallon as compared to gasoline. Diesel is a safer fuel than gasoline or other alternatives. –less flammable and explosive than gasoline due to lower combustibility.

3. How is Diesel Different from Gasoline?(2) Diesel is Cheaper than Gasoline –Current Cost of a Gallon of Gasoline and Diesel Gasoline = $1.78 Diesel = $1.65

4. How a Diesel Engine Works

5. Compression Instead of Spark Diesel engines ignite fuel with compression –The piston stroke in a diesel engine results in a compression of the fuel air mixture so intense that it combusts spontaneously. Gasoline engines ignite fuel with spark plugs Gasoline engines inject fuel during the intake stroke, Diesel during the Compression Stroke.

6. Three Ways of Injecting Fuel 1.Crankshaft Driven Fuel Pump 2.Common-rail Fuel Injection 3.Unit Injection

7. Crankshaft Driven Fuel Pump A fuel distribution pump geared to the crankshaft to sends a pulse of pressurized fuel down a dedicated pipe to each cylinder at a predetermined point in the compression stroke.

8. Common-rail Fuel Injection(1) Uses a pump to deliver pressurized fuel to all the injectors and than relies on electronically controlled valves at each injector to open as needed. Used on most modern Diesel Engines

9. Common-rail Fuel Injection(1)

10. Unit Injection Delivers low-pressure fuel to each cylinder and relies on the injector to generate its own pressure mechanically. Most heavy-duty diesels use unit injectors, which can be equipped with an electronic control valve to regulate the amount and timing of the injection.

11. Misconceptions About Diesel It’s Dirty It Causes a lot of Pollution It has Limited Uses

12. Benefits of Diesel A well maintained diesel engine usually emits lower levels of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide than gasoline engines. Better fuel economy, Increased durability for longer engine life.

13. Problems with “Old” Diesel Technologies High Sulfur Content of Fuel High NO x Emissions High Particulate Matter Emissions –The “Black Smoke” everyone sees Noisy Engines

14. Sulfur Content Diesel fuel available in the U.S. currently contains from 340 ppm of sulfur to 140 ppm in California. European Standards are much lower –As low as 10 ppm in Germany and Sweden

15. NO x Emissions High cylinder pressure and temperature with excessive air is the recipe for making NO x Because of excess air in diesel engines, current catalytic can’t scrub out NO x

16. Particulate Matter Unburned fuel in the compression ignition process becomes soot, a pervasive form of particulate matter.

17. Clean Diesel Clean diesel is an evolutionary systems- based process that combines advancements in diesel engines, cleaner burning fuels and emissions control system, all working and optimized together.

18. What Makes Diesel Clean? The Three Pillars of Clean Diesel Technology: –cleaner-burning fuels –state-of-the-art engines –effective emissions-control systems

19. Cleaner Burning Fuels The newest in diesel fuels is called Ultra-low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) –Ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel is a specially refined diesel fuel that has dramatically lower sulfur content than regular diesel and can be used in any diesel engine just like regular diesel fuel. Today, the sulfur content of ULSD ranges from 15 to 30 parts per million. Regular diesel has a maximum of 500 parts per million of sulfur.

20. How Does ULSD Help? Reduces sulfate emissions Allows the use of particulate traps and catalytic converters Lowers engine maintenance costs Easy to convert to –No retrofitting required Only costs a few cents more

21. State of the Art Engines New Engine Technologies –Electronic Controls –Common-rail Fuel Injection –Variable Injection Timing –Improved Combustion Chamber Configuration –Turbocharging

22. New Pollution Controls Particulate Traps Oxidation Catalysts

23. So What does all of this Have to do with Reliability? Better diesel technology means greater efficiency Efficient diesel technology is required in order to comply with upcoming environmental legislation America wouldn’t be able to function without diesel

24. Diesel is an Integral Part of America Diesel is used in many different industries –Transportation –Shipping –Agriculture –Mining –Energy Production –Safety –Homeland Security –Defense

25. Electrical System Almost all of these industries play a part in making sure that the electrical system in the U.S. stays intact Power plants can’t produce power without fuel, and most of that fuel is produced and move by diesel Diesel also plays an integral part in providing power when disaster strikes, or the major electrical systems fail

26. How Diesel Effects Reliability Backup Generators Equipment Transportation Shipping

27. Backup Generators(1) Many Sources use Diesel Generators for Backup power –Hospitals –Nuclear Plants –Public Utilities –Food Storage

28. Backup Generators(2) Diesel generators kick on within seconds, providing immediate, full strength power when it is needed most

29. Equipment Most of the nonroad equipment used in the United States is powered by Diesel –Snow plows –Mining Machinery –U.S. Military Vehicles –Emergency Response Vehicles

30. Public Transportation In 1998, 95% of the nation’s full-sized transit buses were powered by diesel Close to 60% of America’s elementary and secondary schools used diesel to power the buses that take children to school everyday

31. Shipping 94% of all goods shipped in the U.S. are shipped using diesel power Diesel dominates the trucking, railroad, boat and barge industries

32. Legal Framework for Diesel Legislation heavily influences the use of diesel Upcoming legislation could eliminate diesel use if it weren’t for ongoing technological development and improvement

33. New Engines Engine manufacturers have been subject to nationwide, federally-enforceable air pollution standards under the Clean Air Act since 1970 In 1970, the CAA mandated 90% reductions for levels of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and oxides of nitrogen (N0x) in light-duty vehicles by 1976. In 1977, further amendments to the CAA mandated a 90% reduction in CO and HC for heavy-duty vehicles by 1984, and a 75% reduction in NOx by 1985.

34. New Engines (2) In 1990, further amendments to the CAA were established and EPA recently enacted regulations that will reduce NOx and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) emissions from heavy- duty diesel engines by over 50% from 1998 levels. These standards dramatically reduced the amount of emissions form diesel engines, but tougher standards are on the way.

35. Regulation of New Engines and Fuels (1) In 2001, EPA created a new rule: –Control of Air Pollution From New Motor Vehicles: Heavy-Duty Engine and Vehicle Standards and Highway Diesel Fuel Sulfur Control Requirements This rule controls both new diesel engines and the sulfur content of diesel fuels

36. Regulation of New Engines and Fuels (2) New Standards for Particulate Matter and NO x –90% reduction of current standard for PM –95% reduction for NO x 97 % reduction of Sulfur content It sets new standards that will go into effect in model year 2007 for the trucks and mid 2006 for the fuel

37. Durability and Maintenance EPA’s 1997 rulemaking for enhanced emission standards for heavy-duty diesels included several provisions to enhance durability requirements for emissions performance. –Increased useful life mileage from 290,000 to 435,000. –Enhanced Inspection and Maintenance requirements. –Enhanced emissions defect and performance warranties.

38. Regulation of Existing Engines In 1994, EPA established a stringent three-tiered emissions reduction scheme that subjects all non-road engines - regardless of size -- to progressively more stringent emission standards and will radically reduce emissions from non-road engines by more than 70% in many cases. Tier 2 and Tier 3 standards, which include large diesel engines, were made more stringent in 1998 NO x and Particulate Matter emission standards were reduced up to 2/3rds for some applications

39. Conclusion(1) Diesel should continue to be developed because it is important to most of the industries in the U.S. Much progress has been made in making diesel a more efficient and clean fuel choice. Most of the problems associated with diesel in decades passed have been eliminated or reduced The diesel engines of today are cleaner, more efficient, and more powerful than the ones built even ten years ago