2. The Scientific Revolution
Preview
Starting Points Map: European Centers of Learning
Main Idea / Reading Focus
Dawn of Modern Science
Quick Facts: The Scientific Method
Discoveries in Astronomy, Physics, and Math

3. The Scientific Revolution
Preview, continued
Discoveries in Biology and Chemistry
Science and Society
Faces of History: Galileo Galilei
Quick Facts: Causes and Effects of the Scientific Revolution

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5. The Scientific Revolution
Main Idea
New ways of thinking led to remarkable discoveries during the Scientific Revolution.
Reading Focus
What changes led to the dawn of modern science?
What discoveries occurred in astronomy, physics, and math during the Scientific Revolution?
How did early scientists advance knowledge in biology and chemistry?
How did scientific ideas move beyond the realm of science and affect society?

6. Dawn of Modern Science The Old View New Viewpoints
Some Middle Ages scholars sought answers about the natural world from the church. In the mid-1500s, others began to think in new ways.
Scholars relied on traditional authorities for beliefs about structure of universe
Geocentric theory, Aristotle
Earth center of universe
Sun, moon, planets revolved around sun
Ideas upheld by church, accepted authority for European intellectuals
The Old View
Scholars began to challenge traditional authorities, 1500s
Scientific Revolution, new way of thinking
Posed theories, developed procedures to test ideas
Why open to new ideas?
Exploration
New lands, new people, new animals
New Viewpoints

7. Dawn of Modern Science
Ancient scholars could provide no information about new lands, people, animals
Age of Exploration led scientists to study natural world more closely
Other things to be discovered, things unknown to ancients
Navigators needed more accurate instruments, geographic knowledge
Scientists examined natural world, found it did not match ancient beliefs

8. New Approach to Investigation Scientific Method Scholars
The Scientific Method
Scientific Method
Identify problem
Form hypothesis
Perform experiments to test hypothesis
Record results
Analyze results, form conclusion
New Approach to Investigation
Francis Bacon, experimentation to gain scientific knowledge
Rene Descartes, reason key
Believed everything should be doubted until proved by reason
Relied on math, logic
Ideas of both continue to influence modern scientific methods
Scientific Method Scholars

10. What was the Scientific Revolution?
Find the Main Idea
What was the Scientific Revolution?
Answer(s): a new way of thinking about the natural world that challenged traditional views and instead relied upon experimentation

11. Discoveries in Astronomy, Physics, and Math
Early scientists
Made significant contributions in astronomy, physics and math
Began to explain complexities of solar system, limits of physical world
Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer, among first
Copernicus
Found geocentric theory of movement of sun, moon, planets not accurate
Concluded sun, not earth, near center of solar system
Heliocentric theory, earth revolves around sun
Copernicus’ theory
Idea of earth orbiting sun was not completely new
Copernicus developed detailed mathematical explanation of process
Was first scientist to create complete model of solar system

12. On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
Copernicus’ famous book not published until last year of his life
Knew church would oppose work
Work contradicted teachings of church
Weaknesses of theory
Mathematical formulas did not predict positions of planets well
Copernicus did not want to be ridiculed for weaknesses
Died 1543 after work published, other scientists expanded on ideas

13. Brahe, Danish Astronomer
Brahe and Kepler
Brahe, Danish Astronomer
Wrote book proving bright object over Denmark sky was newly visible star
Called it supernova, distant exploding star suddenly visible on earth
Book impressed Denmark’s King Frederick II
Gave Brahe money to build two observatories
Brahe used observatories
Developed system to explain planetary movement
Believed sun revolved around earth
Other five known planets revolved around sun
Observations
Hired as Brahe’s assistant to form mathematical theory from measurements of planets
Published result of measurements of orbit of Mars after Brahe’s death
Kepler, German Mathematician

14. Kepler solved main problem of Copernican theory
Kepler’s Solution
Kepler solved main problem of Copernican theory
Copernicus assumed planets orbited in circle
Kepler found assumption untrue
Proved planets orbited in oval pattern, ellipse
Wanted to prove Copernicus wrong, instead proved heliocentric theory correct
Kepler’s mathematical solar system model also correct

15. Discoveries in Astronomy, Physics, and Math
More support
Italian scientist Galileo Galilei
Built first telescope used for astronomy
Scanned heavens beginning in 1609
Starry Messenger
Galileo described discoveries
Craters on moon, sunspots
Saturn, moons of Jupiter
Milky Way made up of stars
Change in science world
Isaac Newton, English scientist
Brought together astronomy, physics, math
Wondered about gravity
Principia
Book explained law of universal gravitation
Gravity affects objects on earth, also in universe
Keeps planets in orbit

16. Newton developed calculus, new kind of math
Newton’s Findings
Newton developed calculus, new kind of math
Used calculus to predict effects of gravity
German philosopher Gottfried von Leibniz also developed calculus at same time
Each accused the other of plagiarism
Historians believe it was simple case of independent discovery

17. How did Copernicus and Brahe differ in their views of the universe?
Contrast
How did Copernicus and Brahe differ in their views of the universe?
Answer(s): Copernicus—all planets orbit the sun; Brahe—sun orbits Earth, other planets orbit sun

18. Discoveries in Biology and Chemistry
Just as astronomers moved away from the works of ancient Greeks, other scientists used the scientific method to acquire new knowledge and make great discoveries in the fields of Biology and Chemistry.
European Middle Ages doctors relied on Greek, Galen
Galen’s works inaccurate
Flemish doctor Andreas Vesalius became known for work in anatomy
Biology
Used bodies of executed criminals for dissection
Hired artists to produce accurate drawings
On the Workings of the Human Body, 1543
Vesalius
English physician, early 1600s
Observed, explained workings of human heart
Described blood, circulatory system functions
William Harvey

19. Antony van Leeuwenhoek
Dutch scientist, 1600s
Used interest in developing magnifying lens to invent microscope
First to describe appearance of bacteria, red blood cells, yeast, other microorganisms
Robert Hooke
English physician, inventor
Used early microscope to describe appearance of plants at microscopic level
Credited with creating the term cell

20. Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier
Chemistry
Father of modern chemistry
First to define element
The Sceptical Chemist, 1661, described matter as cluster of tiny particles (now called atoms)
Changes in matter occurred when clusters rearranged
Boyle’s law - temperature, volume, pressure affect gases
Robert Boyle
French chemist, 1700s
Developed methods for precise measurements
Discovered law of Conservation of Mass, proved matter could not be created, destroyed
Recognized, named oxygen, introduced metric system, invented first periodic table
Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier

21. What were the major contributions made in biology and chemistry?
Summarize
What were the major contributions made in biology and chemistry?
Answer(s): importance of anatomy and dissection; function of blood and circulatory system; invention of microscope; discovery of certain laws of matter

22. Science and Society Science and the Church Conflicts
As science assumed greater significance, the question of the role of the Roman Catholic Church in a changing culture became important. While the church opposed the views of many scientists, it benefited from new discoveries that made Renaissance art and architecture possible.
Church most powerful institution in Europe, Middle Ages
Primary resource for knowledge, learning
Cathedral schools, universities trained people to run the church
Science and the Church
Most scientists did not want to challenge role of Christianity
Church explained world through inspiration, revealed truth
Science explained world through logical reasoning
Conflicts
The church feared reason as an enemy of faith, but eventually began to embrace some of the achievements of the Scientific Revolution.

23. Science and the Church Galileo’s Theories Trial House Arrest
Brought him into direct conflict with the church
Church leaders pressured him not to support ideas of Copernicus
Dialogue concerning Two Chief World Systems, 1632, showed support
Trial
Pope Urban VII ordered Galileo to Rome to stand trial before Inquisition
Church wanted to stamp out heresy, or dissenting views
Trial held, April 1633
House Arrest
Galileo stated would not use Copernican theory in work
Received lenient sentence in return
Pope ordered Galileo under house arrest, where he spent rest of life

25. Science and Art Renaissance Artists Architecture Science and religion
Study of art, architecture not separate from study of science
Artists learned anatomy in order to paint the body
Artists
Experimented with chemistry of paints, nature of light
Used math to create compositions of perfect balance
Architecture
Mathematics, physics crucial to great architecture
Also used in engineering achievements of the time
Science and religion
Combined to produce great artistic achievements of Renaissance
Most art, architecture dedicated to glory of God

26. Science and Community
Scientific Revolution established new way of thinking about physical world
Great advances made in astronomy, physics, biology, chemistry
Advances influenced developments in arts, architecture
Impact of Scientific Revolution soon would cause philosophers, scholars to wonder if reason could solve poverty, war, ignorance

28. Draw Conclusions
How did the Scientific Revolution have an impact beyond the realm of science?
Answer(s): led people to question the Church; inspired great artistic achievements; led to new ideas about government, religion, education, and economics.