1. Perfect Passive Participles What’s a participle, anyway?

2. Terminology A participle is a verbal adjective, which means it is formed from a verb but acts like an adjective. A participle is a verbal adjective, which means it is formed from a verb but acts like an adjective. In Latin, there are three main types of participles: present active, perfect passive, and future active. We will learn all three this year. In Latin, there are three main types of participles: present active, perfect passive, and future active. We will learn all three this year. In this chapter, we will focus on the perfect passive participle. In this chapter, we will focus on the perfect passive participle.

3. Perfect Passive Participle Just like the perfect system passive (perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses), the perfect passive participle is formed with the 4 th pr. part. Just like the perfect system passive (perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses), the perfect passive participle is formed with the 4 th pr. part. Unlike the perfect system passive, no second word is added. Unlike the perfect system passive, no second word is added. 2-1-2 adjective endings are added, and the resulting participle agrees with the noun it describes in case, number, and gender, just like a regular adjective. 2-1-2 adjective endings are added, and the resulting participle agrees with the noun it describes in case, number, and gender, just like a regular adjective. Example: portātus, -a, -um, having been carried Example: portātus, -a, -um, having been carried

4. Perfect Pass. Part. Forms SingularMasculineFeminineNeuter Nom.portātusportātaportātum Gen.portātīportātaeportātī Dat.portātōportātaeportātō Acc.portātumportātamportātum Abl.portātōportātāportātō

5. Plural Forms PluralMasculineFeminineNeuter Nom.portātīportātaeportāta Gen.portātōrumportātārumportātōrum Dat.portātīsportātīsportātīs Acc.portātōsportātāsportāta Abl.portātīsportātīsportātīs

6. Translating a perfect passive participle Look at this sentence: Coquus vocātus ab omnibus laudātus est. Look at this sentence: Coquus vocātus ab omnibus laudātus est. In this sentence, the action of the participle (vocātus) takes place before the action of the main verb (laudātus est). In this sentence, the action of the participle (vocātus) takes place before the action of the main verb (laudātus est). The most literal translation is: The most literal translation is: The cook, having been summoned, was praised by everyone. The cook, having been summoned, was praised by everyone.

7. Alternative Translations Coquus vocātus ab omnibus laudātus est. Coquus vocātus ab omnibus laudātus est. After being summoned, the cook was praised by everyone. After being summoned, the cook was praised by everyone. When summoned, the cook was praised by everyone. When summoned, the cook was praised by everyone. When the cook had been summoned, he was praised by everyone. When the cook had been summoned, he was praised by everyone. The cook was summoned and was praised by everyone. The cook was summoned and was praised by everyone.

8. Other examples Convīvae ad cēnam invītātī ā Cornēliō ipsō cōmiter salūtātī sunt. Convīvae ad cēnam invītātī ā Cornēliō ipsō cōmiter salūtātī sunt. Convīvae in trīclīnium ductī in lectīs accubuērunt. Convīvae in trīclīnium ductī in lectīs accubuērunt. Porcus ā servīs scissus ad mēnsam portātus est. Porcus ā servīs scissus ad mēnsam portātus est. Cēna optima ā Cornēliō data ab omnibus laudāta est. Cēna optima ā Cornēliō data ab omnibus laudāta est.

9. In Summary A participle is a verbal adjective. A participle is a verbal adjective. A perfect passive participle is the same as the 4 th principal part. A perfect passive participle is the same as the 4 th principal part. A perfect passive participle uses the same endings as a 2-1-2 adjective. A perfect passive participle uses the same endings as a 2-1-2 adjective. A perfect passive participle can always be translated “having been.” A perfect passive participle can always be translated “having been.”