1. Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction Introduction Biochemistry Introduction Biochemistry Aulanni ’ am Biochemistry Laboratory Chemistry Departement Brawijaya University

2. Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction Exploring Life

3. Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction The molecules of life  The activities of cellular molecules are governed by the basic principles of chemistry  Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of a cell  Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA) account for the remainder

4. Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1 The Chemicals of Life

5. Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1 The Chemicals of Life Macromolecules

6. Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1 Different monosaccharides have different arrangements around asymmetric carbons

7. Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1  and  glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides

8. Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes

9. Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1 Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule interactions

10. Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction Examples of cellular macromolecules

11. Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction Lineage tree of life on earth

12. Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment  The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer  Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give each membrane a specific function

13. Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction Prokaryotic cells  Single cell organisms  Two main types: bacteria and archaea  Relatively simple structure

14. Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction  Prokaryotic cells –Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles found in eukaryotic cells EUKARYOTIC CELL Membrane Cytoplasm Organelles Nucleus (contains DNA) 1 µm PROKARYOTIC CELL DNA (no nucleus) Membrane

15. Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction Eukaryotic cells  Single cell or multicellular organisms  Plants and animals  Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton

16. Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction   Eukaryotic cells –Are subdivided by internal membranes into various membrane-enclosed organelles

17. Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction The life cycle of cells  Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of growth, divides to become two daughter cells  Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal clock that determines the phases of cell growth and division  Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at checkpoints  Cells may “ leave ” the cell cycle and differentiate to perform specialized functions  Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of balancing cell growth or generating structures during development (apoptosis)

18. Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction The eukaryotic cell cycle

19. Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction Ecosystem Dynamics  The dynamics of any ecosystem include two major processes –Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired by plants eventually return to the soil –The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to consumers

20. Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction Energy Conversion  Activities of life –Require organisms to perform work, which depends on an energy source  The exchange of energy between an organism and its surroundings –Often involves the transformation of one form of energy to another

21. Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction  Energy flows through an ecosystem –Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat Producers (plants and other photosynthetic organisms) Consumers (including animals) Sunlight Chemical energy Heat Ecosystem

22. Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction  Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the substance of genes –Which program the cells ’ production of proteins and transmit information from parents to offspring Nuclei containing DNA Egg cell Sperm cell Fertilized egg with DNA from both parents Embyro’s cells with copies of inherited DNA Offspring with traits inherited from both parents

23. Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction  The molecular structure of DNA –Accounts for it information-rich nature DNA Cell Nucleotide A C T A T A C C G G T A T A (b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a small section of one chain of a DNA molecule. Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences of the four types of nucleotides (their names are abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G). (a) DNA double helix. This model shows each atom in a segment of DNA.Made up of two long chains of building blocks called nucleotides, a DNA molecule takes the three-dimensional form of a double helix. Nucleus

24. Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction   feedback regulation –The output, or product, of a process regulates that very process

25. Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction   negative feedback –An accumulation of an end product slows the process that produces that product B A C D Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2 Enzyme 3 D D D D D D D D DD C B A Negative feedback

26. Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction   positive feedback –The end product speeds up production WW X Y Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z ZZ Z ZZ Z Z Z Y X Enzyme 4 Enzyme 5 Enzyme 6 Enzyme 4 Enzyme 5 Enzyme 6 Positive feedback

27. Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction The Culture of Science  Science is a social activity –Characterized by both cooperation and competition

28. Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction