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Ten Themes Unify The Study of Life.

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Presentation on theme: "Ten Themes Unify The Study of Life."— Presentation transcript:

1 Ten Themes Unify The Study of Life.
The Scope of Biology Ten Themes Unify The Study of Life.

2 objective Identify major organizational levels of life.
From global scale to microscopic scale

3 Biosphere Global scale
Biosphere consists of three parts that are inhabited by living things: Most regions of land Most bodies of water (oceans, lakes, rivers) Atmosphere (altitude of several kilometers)

4 Ecosystems Ecosystem-the community of living things in an area, along with nonliving features of the environment that support the living community. Ex. Woodland are (park) Living: trees, plants, animals, bacteria Nonliving: sunlight, water, air, soil All of Earth’s ecosystems combined make up the biosphere

5 Organisms Organisms- individual living things
Microorganisms- microscopic organisms Interactions among the organisms of a community make each ecosystem a dynamic place.

6 Cells Cells- life’s basic units of structure and function.
All organisms are made up of one or more cells. Ex, a cell of a leaf interior is ~25 μm across It would take more than 700 of these cells to reach across a penny Cells contain even smaller structures

7 DNA and Genes DNA and Genes are found inside the nucleus of a cell
Atoms- the basic building blocks of all materials (living and nonliving) Molecule- formed when atoms bond together

8 DNA and Genes DNA- a molecule (deoxyribonucleic acid) responsible for inheritance Inheritance-the passing on of traits from parent organisms to their offspring A DNA molecule contains the instructions for a cell to make all the other molecules it needs to function. Genes-units of inherited information along the length of each DNA molecule

9 Metric scale bar

10 Diversity of organisms
Species-distinct form of life 1.5 million species have been identified, new species are discovered almost daily!

11 Number of identified species
There are also thousands of species of: Amphibians Reptiles Mammals

12 Classifying Life The taxonomic scheme classifies species into groups subordinate to more comprehensive groups. Species that are very similar are placed in the same genus, genera are grouped into families, and so on, each level of classification being more comprehensive than those it includes.

13 Classification Ex. The leopard, species Panthera pardus
Animalia Chordata Mammalia Canivora Felidae Panthera Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Panthera pardus Species

14 Domains of Life Domain- the broadest category in classifying life forms Three Domains: Archaea Bacteria Eukarya

15 Archaea and Bacteria organisms are mostly unicellular (bodies consist of a single cell).
These cells lack nuclei (DNA is not separated from the rest of the cell) Prokaryotic cell- cells without nuclei, simple cells

16 All organisms of these four kingdoms consist of eukaryotic cells!
Domains are divided into kingdoms. Domain Eukarya has four kingdoms: Protists Fungi Plants Animals Eukaryotic cells- contain nuclei that separate DNA from the rest of the cell Some protists, most fungi and all plants and animals are multicellular All organisms of these four kingdoms consist of eukaryotic cells! Like the prokaryotes, many protists and certain fungi are unicellular and microscopic in size. But other protists, most fungi, and all plants and animals are multicellular. We are comprised of trillions of cells

17 Ten themes unify the study of life
Ten themes unify the study of life!!! Themes apply to all species and to all levels of organization Biological systems Cellular basis of life Form and function Reproduction and inheritance Interaction with environment Energy and life Regulation Adaptation and evolution Biology and society Scientific inquiry

18 Biological Systems System-comprised of a combination of parts to form a more complex organization based on the arrangements and interactions of its parts. Biological systems theme applies to all levels of life, from the biosphere to interactions of molecules in cells.

19 The Cellular Basis of Life
All organisms are made of cells Cells can be specialized for different functions and are organized into higher levels of organization. Nerve tissue Nervous system Organ Nerve cell

20 Form and Function Structure and function go hand in hand!!! Consider:
Surface Area Movement Physical attributes

21 Reproduction and Inheritance
Inherited information in the form of DNA enables organisms to reproduce their own kind.

22 Interaction with the Environment
As part of an ecosystem, each organism interacts continuously with its environment. “inputs” and “outputs” Two major processes: Cycling of nutrients Flow of energy from sunlight to photosynthetic life to organisms that feed on plants Chemical exchange and physical change. photosynthesis

23 Energy and Life Producers- produce the food upon which the entire ecosystem depends (plants and other photosynthetic organisms) Consumers- animals and other organisms that eat the food made by the producers Chemical energy obtained by food is converted to other forms of energy as the organism carries out life activities. When ever work is preformed, energy is converted to heat. All organisms lose energy in the form of heat, an ecosystem can not recycle energy. Life on Earth depends on a continuous supply of energy from the sun.

24 Regulation Homeostasis or “steady state”
Mechanisms of homeostasis enable organisms to regulate their internal environment, despite changes in their external environment. Temperature, pressure, waste removal, hunger thirst regulation for survival

25 Adaptation and Evolution
Adaptation- an inherited trait that helps the organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in its particular environment Population- a localized group of organisms belonging to the same species Natural selection- natural environment “selects” certain inherited traits Adaptive changes do not arise in an organism during its lifetime. This would be a physiological response to the environment

26 Evolution Natural selection is the mechanism by which evolution occurs. Evolution- “a process of change” A generation to generation change in the proportion of different inherited genes in a population Example. If lighter beetles are more easily consumed by predators the genes for dark color are becoming more common and genes for light color are becoming less common over the generations of beetles. The beetle population is said to be undergoing evolution, or evolving.

27 Biology and Society Impacts that the application of biology have on society: Stem cell research Animal cloning Environmental issues Genetically modified crops treating disease Antibiotic resistance

28 Scientific Inquiry Scientific inquiry involves asking questions about nature and then using observations or experiments to find possible answers to those questions.


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