1. NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC Defining Sustainable and Cost-Effective Waste- to-Energy Technologies for Islands: Haiti as Case Study Gregg Tomberlin 23 June 2015

2. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future Island Considerations Advantages  High electricity prices  High tipping fees Solid waste management infrastructure  Collection system in place for WTE  Little room for new landfills  Rising costs to plan and permit landfill operations  Skilled labor  Level of motivation to pursue WTE Waste in Market in Port-au-Prince

3. More Island Considerations Energy Off-takes  For purchase of electricity or heat from generation source  Electrical or thermal interconnection Feedstock Quantity & Quality  Combustion requires high volumes (>300 tonnes/day) and low moisture  Location of feedstock (centralized or distributed)  Waste Characterization Complete o Characterization of feedstock, critical to understanding WTE technology options o High moisture better suited for anaerobic digestion National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future

4. Heat Fuel Gases (producer gas) (CO + H 2 +CH 4 ) Char, gases, liquids (syn gas) Waste-to-Energy Pathways National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future Heat/power/CHPBoiler, steam turbineCo-fire with coal Burn gas for hot water/steam (commercial) Use in IC engine, gas turbine or fuel cell for CHP (pre-commercial) Catalytic conversion to alcohols, chemicals, synthetic diesel (development) Torrefied wood for pellets, coal replacementPyrolysis oil for boilers and power (early commercial)Specialty chemicals (commercial)Further refining for transportation fuels (in development) No Oxygen Thermal Combustion Gasification/ Plasma Pyrolysis Partial Oxygen Excess Oxygen CO 2

5. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future WTE Technology: Combustion 600+ existing commercial facilities combust about 130 million tonnes of MSW per year in 35 nations. Typical minimum for feasibility is 300 tonnes per day (TPD) Inclined Grate Combustion Source: C.S. Psomopoulos et al (2009), Waste Management 29, 1718-1724)

6. WTE Plant Sizing Plant SizeTons per Day 1,000 to 3,000 TPD38 500 to 1,000 TPD24 200 to 500 TPD18 < 200 TPD6 86 National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future

7. WTE Technology: Gasification National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future GasifierHigh Temperature Plasma Gasifier

8. WTE Technology: Anaerobic Digestion National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future Two Phase Anaerobic Digestion of MSW, Anyang City, Korea

9. Feasibility of a WTE facility near Port-au-Prince SWANA - 1,400 to 1,600 tonnes per day of solid waste generated in the Port-au-Prince area Waste Characterization – High Moisture Rules out Combustion Rules out Gasification Evaluated two options for Trutier Landfill Landfill Gas to Energy (Power) Anaerobic Digestion of Organics – Power Generation Haiti Case Study National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future

10. Capital cost to construct a landfill gas-to-energy (LFGTE) facility would be $46.7 million The plant would produce an average of approximately 16,260 megawatt-hours (MWh) of electricity annually over 20-years Estimated annual revenues from electricity sales would be roughly $3.3 million Net annual operating costs (i.e., not including the annualized cost of constructing the facility) for an LFGTE facility would be roughly $3.4 million, assuming the electricity is sold at 20 cents/kilowatt-hour (kWh), Landfill Gas to Energy National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future

11. The estimated capital cost to construct an AD facility would be $40.5 million Plant would produce approximately 38,813 MWh of electricity annually Annual revenues from electricity sales would be roughly $7.8 million Net annual operating costs for an AD facility would be roughly $8.9 million, assuming the electricity is sold at 20 cents/kWh. Anaerobic Digestion National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future

12. Haiti Results AD facility is the lowest-cost electricity-generation option for the Trutier site, costing roughly $22.90/tonne, versus $26.90/tonne for an LFGTE facility. The AD system produces approximately twice as much energy as the landfill system over the 20-year project lifetime evaluated. As currently projected using $0.20 per kilowatt-hour as the estimated income from electricity sales, the higher production of the AD system benefits from this relatively high sales value. Both systems require significant long-term funding. The key revenues to support these systems consist of power off-take purchases and waste management tipping fee National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future

13. Additional waste characterizations Conducting small-scale bio-digester demonstration projects with partners Analyzing legal and permitting requirements Evaluating different ownership and operation strategies Confirming there is either a market for the dewatered digestate Confirming the availability and cost of the various unskilled, moderately skilled, and skilled labor required Haiti Next Steps National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future

14. Constituent United StatesHaiti St. Thomas USVI Paper/cardboard27.4%3%32.7% Food waste/organics14.5%75%17.9.% Yard waste13.5%0%7.3% Plastics12.7%7%20.6% Metals8.9%3%4.4% Rubber, leather, textiles8.7%2%3.8% Wood6.3%0%5.5% Glass4.6%2%6.8% Other3.4%0%1.% Stones, charcoal, sands0%8%0% TOTAL100.0% First Step - Waste Characterizati on National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future

15. Questions ?