1. Traits, Five Factor Model Based on lexical approach –Important individual differences among people will have names –Should be words describing the same traits in different languages if there are common traits –In English over 5000 words –Can a few dimensions capture these many traits?

2. Factor analysis Statistical tool used to reduce large amounts of data to smaller underlying dimensions Looks at patterns of co-variation Method is important because it impacts findings

3. Factor analysis method 1.Collect measurements 2.Compute correlations – matrix 3.Factor extraction (reduce to underlying dimensions) 4.Compute factor loadings 5.Name the factors

4. Example: How people cope with stress How much did you do ______ during your most recent stressful event? Or rate each item: 1.Took action quickly, before things could get out of hand. 2.Refused to believe it was real. 3.Did something concrete to make the situation better. 4.Tried to convince myself that it wasn=t happening. 5.Went on thinking that things were just like they were. 6.Changed or grew as a person in a new way. 7.Tried to look at the bright side.

5. Hypothetical correlation matrix Item1234567 1*.1.75-.05.03.120 2*-.19.52.61-.07-.08 3*.170.11.08 4*.71.09.04 5*.16.09 6*.59 7*

6. Hypothetical Factor Loadings FactorABC Item 1.62.15.01 Item 2.03-.08.49 Item 3.54.04-.20 Item 4.10.11.56 Item 5.07.08.45 Item 6-.02.66.12 Item 7.22.48.06

7. Implications Garbage in, garbage out Missing info. may mean missing factors E.g. Escape: smoking, drinking, eating, daydreaming about vacation, etc. Importance of names of factors

8. Big Five/Five-Factor Model Emerging consensus that 5 dimensions capture important pieces of personality Based on: 1.Diverse samples of data 2.Different measures 3.Multiple cultures and languages Still some disagreement about What the factors are

9. Big Five (Costa & McCrae) Five basic dimensions that are very broad 6 facets within each dimension (which are more specific 1.Neuroticism 2.Extraversion 3.Openness to Experience 4.Agreeableness 5.Conscientiousness

10. Neuroticism Tendency to experience negative (unpleasant) feelings Emotionally reactive, intense On other end: calm, emotionally stable, free from persistent negative feelings

11. Neuroticism Facets 1.Anxiety – sense of danger or threat Tense, jittery, nervous …calm, fearless 2.Anger 3.Depression – feel sad, dejected, low Lack energey, feel dejected….free from depressive feelings 4.Self-consciousness – sensitive to what others think of them feel uncomfortable around others, easily embarrassed….don’t feel discomfort in social situations, don’t fear being judged by others 5.Immoderation – strong cravings and urges that are hard to resist 6.Vulnerability – susceptibility to stress Feel panic, helpless under pressure….feel poised, confident under pressure

12. Extraversion Enjoy being with others High energy Tendency to experience positive emotions Low scorers: –Quiet, less engaged in social world –NOT shyness or depression

13. Extraversion Facets 1.Friendliness like others and easily reach out to other people…distant and reserved 2.Gregariousness Enjoy being around others, like crowds…need more privacy and time to self, dislike crowds 3.Assertievness Like to speak out, take charge, leaders…let others control group direction 4.Activity Level Much action, energetic, quick…slower paced, less activity 5.Excitement-Seeking Easily bored, seek thrills…unlikely to take risks, adverse to thrill- seeking 6.Cheerfulness High on positive emotions such as happiness, optimism, enthusiasm, and joy…low scores don’t’ experience as much joy (but NOT depressed)

14. Openness To Experience Most disagreement about what this factor is and what to call it. Imaginative, intellectually curious, sensitive to aesthetics and feelings …. Down to earth, practical,conventional Not a measure of intelligence

15. Openness Facets 1.Imagination Fantasy…fact 2.Artistic Interests Love beauty, aesthetics…not interested in arts 3.Emotionality Awareness of and expression of feelings…less aware and expressive 4.Adventurousness Like new activities, experience different things…prefer familiar things 5.Intellect Like to play with ideas…prefer concrete things over ideas 6.Liberalism Challenge authority and convention…prefer conventional approaches

16. Conscientiousness Deliberate in actions, controlled, planful Low: impulsive

17. Conscientiousness Facets 1.Self-efficacy 2.Orderliness 3.Dutifulness 4.Achievement Striving 5.Self-discipline 6.Cautiousness

18. Agreeableness Social harmony, ability to get along with others Low: mistrustful of others, difficulty getting along with others

19. Agreeableness Facets 1.Trust 2.Morality 3.Altruism 4.Cooperation 5.Modesty 6.Sympathy

20. Integration with other trait theories 1.Eysenck’s theory: 2.Similar structure to Eysenck 3.Cattell’s 16 PF scales map on

21. Longitudinal Stability 1.Good evidence for stability over long periods in adulthood 2.Small but sign. age effects: Older adults lower on N, E, and O Older adults higher on C and A Cohort effect? Some occur across cultures: C increases with age 3.Temperamental characteristics develop into E and N