1. Disease in Eastern Africa
Reminder of Area of Interest…
Kenya
Uganda
Tanzania

2. A Recap of the Climate… Eastern Africa has an arid and warm climate
Rift Valleys
The Seasons
1 Dry
2 Wet Seasons
Winds are brought off Indian Ocean

3. Recent Climate Change
Africa has warmed roughly .7 degs C in 20th century
Roughly .05 deg C per decade
Precipitation in the area has increased in Eastern Africa

4. Impacts of Current Changes
Warmer sea surface temperatures
Longer dry seasons
Sea Levels have rose to a higher level
More rain during wet seasons

5. Future Outlook on the Climate
Future climate changes are predicted to have approx .2 to roughly .5 degree change per –decade
The wet season’s precipitation will increase
The dry season’s
precipitation will decrease

6. Impacts That May Occur…
Stronger flooding, desertification, droughts, and severe weather
Temperature will rise even more
Sea Levels will rise even higher
The dry and wet seasons will become one and one
Water will be hard to come by
Insect populations will continue to increase…spreading two primary diseases; malaria and cholera

7. Malaria What is Malaria? How does Malaria kill?
digests the red blood cell's hemoglobin
alters the adhesive properties of the cell
Symptoms of Malaria
fever, chills, flu-like illness, tiredness, and diarrhea
Who does Malaria affect?
Anyone who has the malaria parasites in their blood
Bitten victims of the mosquito

8. Life Cycle and Facts Facts about Malaria
The Parasites can live in a Man’s liver for up to 30 years.
An estimated 700, million people die of malaria each year, 75% of them are African children.
In 2002, malaria was the fourth leading cause of death in children in developing countries

9. Cholera What is Cholera? How does Cholera Kill?
bacteria
transferred via water and food
How does Cholera Kill?
violent diarrhea that causes massive losses of fluid
Symptoms of Cholera
stomach pains, diarrhea, dehydration, vomiting, and cramping
Who does Cholera affect?
Anyone who drinks contaminated items

10. Facts Facts about cholera
The cholera epidemic in Africa has lasted more than 20 years.
Cholera is mainly a concern in sub-Saharan Africa and South America.
To totally get rid of Cholera improvements on sewage and wells are crucial.

11. Treatment for Malaria and Cholera
Treatment for malaria depends on where the infection is and the climate of misquotes because some variations of the disease are immune to different medications.
Cholera:
treatment for dehydration which must be treated urgently. Severe dehydration requires the replacement of fluid intravenously and antibiotic therapy.

13. Amounts of fall have
decreased over time
during the dry season

14. Deaths Due to Malaria
Significantly higher amounts of deaths during the rainy seasons
A secondary spike of deaths is seen during the “short rains”
Deaths of Patients at Ndolage Hospital, 2001
Deaths of Patients at Rubya Hospital, 2001

15. Average Rainfall In East Africa Per Year

16. Malaria

17. Preventing Malaria Common ways villagers prevent getting malaria:
Make fires and sleep by them
Mosquito coils placed under or next to beds
Clear bushes to destroy potential mosquito breeding grounds
Placing screens in windows and other places around the house
Draining of stagnant waters
Bed nets with or without pesticides
Pesticides alone

18. Bed Netting People are protected from mosquitoes while sleeping.
Sometimes people place pesticides on them to enhance the protection and kill mosquitoes.
Cost about $5-$10 a piece
The number of cases of malaria is cut in half when bed nets with insecticides are used

19. Problems with Bed Netting
Very expensive for families to buy some for everyone
Tanzania: Average household size is 6-7 people.
Average of 1.5 nets per household; 4 people are without nets
Kenya: Average household size 8-9 and some with 16
Average of about 2-4 nets in a house hold; 5+ are without nets
Only 25% use pesticides on them.

20. Best Ways to Treat Malaria
Villagers said these were the best ways to treat malaria:
78% said modern medicine
15.6% said a combination of modern and herbal medicines
3.3% said just herbal medicine
2.1% said modern medicine and prayer
1% said modern medicine and tepid sponging

21. Natural Cures Most popular way to treat malaria.
1) Quite common, well known, and very familiar
2) Easily available, less expensive, and an effective aid before going to a medical center (if necessary)
3) Used by pregnant women with malaria because it is known to not cause complications during pregnancy
Plants like the Kajule, Nkaka, and the Mwarobaini are some used

22. Treatment Facilities
Every household contributes money each year to the facility
Guaranteed medical coverage and medicine for whatever they
need
In cases of emergency, those who don’t pay still receive
treatment, but must pay their contribution when they are
better
Extremely poor people don’t
need to pay anything and receive
free medicine and treatment

23. Problems Lack of money in governments causes many
No early warning mechanisms to respond to climate disasters and disease outbreaks
Cannot help pay for bed nets, vaccines etc. to help treat or prevent the disease
Late diagnosis of malaria in children
The number of mosquitoes is at its highest during the rainy season
Mosquitoes are becoming immune to medicines used to prevent malaria

24. Programs and Organizations
World Health Organization
Helps to determine what needs to be done in the regions
and how to help
Spread the Net
Collects money and for every $10 donates a bed net to UNICEF that is then
sent to Africa.
Roll Back Malaria
A UN backed program that gives bed nets to the areas

25. Programs Cont. Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
Collects money and distributes around the world to fight these
diseases
Donated 109 million bed nets
Delivered 264 million drug treatments for resistant malaria
Donated $200 million dollars to the regions for other treatments
Most money comes from the UN

26. What Needs to be Done? The poverty is what needs to be alleviated
Nations and organizations need to give money to help give relief to the regions
Better medicines must be developed
A vaccine is being produced but is not yet as far as they want it
More awareness for the people
Need to know the best way to treat malaria and how to prevent it

27. What Villagers Know About Cholera
Villagers know a lot about cholera
They know what it exactly it is, where it comes from, and its
side effects
If sick, they go to a treatment center
Few said they would try and treat it at home
Don’t know the best ways to keep from getting the disease

28. Cholera Prevention Make sure water is purified
Be clean and wash hands before eating or after visiting toilets
More improved toilets
Proper disposal of waste and garbage
Protection and proper management of water sources
Report any type of outbreak
If sick go to the hospital promptly

29. Why no Water Treatment? 63.8% say that think the water is safe
15.9% say that they aren’t used to boiling the drinking water
10.1% say they can’t afford to boil the water
5.8% say they don’t have the utensils to boil it
2.9% say boiling the water is tiresome
1.5% say they fear losing the taste of water

30. Example of a Program Malaria Outbreak in November of 2005
Thousands became sick within days
Ghana Red Cross and Red Crescent teamed with Ghana’s government
Train 250 people to educate the population about malaria and prevention
From November 30, 2005 to January 31, 2006

31. Results… Split into different regions and told to visit at least 25
households over a 3 day period
Over 15,000 leaflets were given to citizens
Radio stations broadcasted information to people
Homes, public toilets, and drainage systems were all disinfected
343,442 people reached during this people