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Disease in Eastern Africa
Reminder of Area of Interest… Kenya Uganda Tanzania
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A Recap of the Climate… Eastern Africa has an arid and warm climate
Rift Valleys The Seasons 1 Dry 2 Wet Seasons Winds are brought off Indian Ocean
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Recent Climate Change Africa has warmed roughly .7 degs C in 20th century Roughly .05 deg C per decade Precipitation in the area has increased in Eastern Africa
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Impacts of Current Changes
Warmer sea surface temperatures Longer dry seasons Sea Levels have rose to a higher level More rain during wet seasons
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Future Outlook on the Climate
Future climate changes are predicted to have approx .2 to roughly .5 degree change per –decade The wet season’s precipitation will increase The dry season’s precipitation will decrease
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Impacts That May Occur…
Stronger flooding, desertification, droughts, and severe weather Temperature will rise even more Sea Levels will rise even higher The dry and wet seasons will become one and one Water will be hard to come by Insect populations will continue to increase…spreading two primary diseases; malaria and cholera
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Malaria What is Malaria? How does Malaria kill?
digests the red blood cell's hemoglobin alters the adhesive properties of the cell Symptoms of Malaria fever, chills, flu-like illness, tiredness, and diarrhea Who does Malaria affect? Anyone who has the malaria parasites in their blood Bitten victims of the mosquito
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Life Cycle and Facts Facts about Malaria
The Parasites can live in a Man’s liver for up to 30 years. An estimated 700, million people die of malaria each year, 75% of them are African children. In 2002, malaria was the fourth leading cause of death in children in developing countries
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Cholera What is Cholera? How does Cholera Kill?
bacteria transferred via water and food How does Cholera Kill? violent diarrhea that causes massive losses of fluid Symptoms of Cholera stomach pains, diarrhea, dehydration, vomiting, and cramping Who does Cholera affect? Anyone who drinks contaminated items
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Facts Facts about cholera
The cholera epidemic in Africa has lasted more than 20 years. Cholera is mainly a concern in sub-Saharan Africa and South America. To totally get rid of Cholera improvements on sewage and wells are crucial.
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Treatment for Malaria and Cholera
Treatment for malaria depends on where the infection is and the climate of misquotes because some variations of the disease are immune to different medications. Cholera: treatment for dehydration which must be treated urgently. Severe dehydration requires the replacement of fluid intravenously and antibiotic therapy.
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Amounts of fall have decreased over time during the dry season
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Deaths Due to Malaria Significantly higher amounts of deaths during the rainy seasons A secondary spike of deaths is seen during the “short rains” Deaths of Patients at Ndolage Hospital, 2001 Deaths of Patients at Rubya Hospital, 2001
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Average Rainfall In East Africa Per Year
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Malaria
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Preventing Malaria Common ways villagers prevent getting malaria:
Make fires and sleep by them Mosquito coils placed under or next to beds Clear bushes to destroy potential mosquito breeding grounds Placing screens in windows and other places around the house Draining of stagnant waters Bed nets with or without pesticides Pesticides alone
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Bed Netting People are protected from mosquitoes while sleeping.
Sometimes people place pesticides on them to enhance the protection and kill mosquitoes. Cost about $5-$10 a piece The number of cases of malaria is cut in half when bed nets with insecticides are used
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Problems with Bed Netting
Very expensive for families to buy some for everyone Tanzania: Average household size is 6-7 people. Average of 1.5 nets per household; 4 people are without nets Kenya: Average household size 8-9 and some with 16 Average of about 2-4 nets in a house hold; 5+ are without nets Only 25% use pesticides on them.
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Best Ways to Treat Malaria
Villagers said these were the best ways to treat malaria: 78% said modern medicine 15.6% said a combination of modern and herbal medicines 3.3% said just herbal medicine 2.1% said modern medicine and prayer 1% said modern medicine and tepid sponging
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Natural Cures Most popular way to treat malaria.
1) Quite common, well known, and very familiar 2) Easily available, less expensive, and an effective aid before going to a medical center (if necessary) 3) Used by pregnant women with malaria because it is known to not cause complications during pregnancy Plants like the Kajule, Nkaka, and the Mwarobaini are some used
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Treatment Facilities Every household contributes money each year to the facility Guaranteed medical coverage and medicine for whatever they need In cases of emergency, those who don’t pay still receive treatment, but must pay their contribution when they are better Extremely poor people don’t need to pay anything and receive free medicine and treatment
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Problems Lack of money in governments causes many
No early warning mechanisms to respond to climate disasters and disease outbreaks Cannot help pay for bed nets, vaccines etc. to help treat or prevent the disease Late diagnosis of malaria in children The number of mosquitoes is at its highest during the rainy season Mosquitoes are becoming immune to medicines used to prevent malaria
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Programs and Organizations
World Health Organization Helps to determine what needs to be done in the regions and how to help Spread the Net Collects money and for every $10 donates a bed net to UNICEF that is then sent to Africa. Roll Back Malaria A UN backed program that gives bed nets to the areas
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Programs Cont. Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
Collects money and distributes around the world to fight these diseases Donated 109 million bed nets Delivered 264 million drug treatments for resistant malaria Donated $200 million dollars to the regions for other treatments Most money comes from the UN
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What Needs to be Done? The poverty is what needs to be alleviated
Nations and organizations need to give money to help give relief to the regions Better medicines must be developed A vaccine is being produced but is not yet as far as they want it More awareness for the people Need to know the best way to treat malaria and how to prevent it
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What Villagers Know About Cholera
Villagers know a lot about cholera They know what it exactly it is, where it comes from, and its side effects If sick, they go to a treatment center Few said they would try and treat it at home Don’t know the best ways to keep from getting the disease
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Cholera Prevention Make sure water is purified
Be clean and wash hands before eating or after visiting toilets More improved toilets Proper disposal of waste and garbage Protection and proper management of water sources Report any type of outbreak If sick go to the hospital promptly
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Why no Water Treatment? 63.8% say that think the water is safe
15.9% say that they aren’t used to boiling the drinking water 10.1% say they can’t afford to boil the water 5.8% say they don’t have the utensils to boil it 2.9% say boiling the water is tiresome 1.5% say they fear losing the taste of water
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Example of a Program Malaria Outbreak in November of 2005
Thousands became sick within days Ghana Red Cross and Red Crescent teamed with Ghana’s government Train 250 people to educate the population about malaria and prevention From November 30, 2005 to January 31, 2006
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Results… Split into different regions and told to visit at least 25
households over a 3 day period Over 15,000 leaflets were given to citizens Radio stations broadcasted information to people Homes, public toilets, and drainage systems were all disinfected 343,442 people reached during this people
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