1. Law Enforcement Organization and Administration
Chapter 13

2. TRAINING Historical Perspective
Prior to turn of the 20th Century training for police was generally not done. Officers were given a gun and badge and worked the street with a tenured officer
First police training programs were set up around 1915

3. Recruit Training Today
On average police recruits today are required to complete 760 hours of classroom training and 180 hours of field training.

4. Virginia Recruit Training
Prince William County Criminal Justice Academy – 932 hours of training. Provides training for Prince William County Police and Sheriff and Dumfries Town Police

5. Northern Virginia Criminal Justice Academy – 776 hours of basic training. Provides training for
Arlington County Police and Sheriff
George Mason University
Loudoun County Sheriff
Alexandria City Police and Sheriff
Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority Police
Fairfax City Police
Northern Virginia Community College Police
Falls Church Police
Leesburg Police
Middleburg Police Purcellville Police
Manassas City Police
Manassas Park Police

6. Fairfax Count Criminal Justice Academy
Provides training for Fairfax County Police and Sheriff, the Herndon Town Police Department and the Vienna Town Police

7. Basic training generally takes place after the officer is hired
Basic training generally takes place after the officer is hired. In some states they allow civilians to attend a pre service academy and then apply for a police position. This helps the localities save money.
Virginia requires all academy faculty to be trained and certified as instructors

8. In Virginia, the individual is hired and goes through the academy and is sworn in as a police officer upon graduation from the academy.

9. In Florida, the college system is set up so the individual gets the law enforcement certification upon successful completion of a college program at the community college level and pass a certification test.
Upon certification the individual will seek

10. Field Training for Police Officers
Recruit is pared with a field training officer (FTO) for a period of time
FTO does daily and weekly evaluations
It is important for departments to have a formal field training program

11. Field Training
Chief Executives should view field training as a normal part of the process
Administrative control should be in the patrol division
Programs should have written policies and clear guidelines
Use standard evaluations for all and be evaluations should be given every day
FTOs should be trained in how to train
FTOs should be compensated
Field training programs should be evaluated annually

12. Police managers have to be confident that officers know how to do their jobs, make split second decisions, and carry out the mission of the department

13. Common Deficiencies in Training Programs
Program Content – Does not fully cover all the aspects of being a police officer
Quality Instructors – Many are not trained on how to be an instructor
Poor facilities and equipment
Lack of formal field-training program
Outdated teaching methods
Allowing untrained officers to perform police duties
Field training deficiencies
Teaching methods

14. Historical Recommendations
In 1973 the National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards published curriculum recommendations for police training.
Intro to the criminal justice system 8%
Law %
Human values and problems 22%
Patrol and investigation procedures 33%
Police proficiency 18%
Administration 9%

15. Commission also recommended departments have in-service training programs for up to 40 hours per year
This is mandated in Virginia

16. Training Curriculum at Present
Nationally most programs can be divided into the following areas:
Administrative procedures
Administration of justice
Basic law
Police procedures
Police proficiency
Community relations

17. Performance Outcomes, Training Objectives, Criteria mandated by the state of Virginia are:
Legal issues
Communication
Patrol
Investigations
Defensive tactics/use of force
Weapons Use
Driver training
Physical training
Field training

18. Terrorism and Emergency Management
As a result of 9/11, police departments recognize the need for training in terrorism and emergency management

19. Training in Terrorism and Emergency Management
Terrorist group identification
Intelligence gathering and reporting
Community threat analysis
Response to incidents involving weapons of mass destruction (WMD)
Ethical issues related to post 9/11 policing
Security of critical facilities
Legal issues related to counter terrorism
Document fraud
Traumatic stress caused by WMD incidents

20. AIDS and Blood-borne Pathogens
Because police can come in contact with blood and other body fluids, agencies need control plans to limit direct exposure and to administer vaccine for hepatitis B to affected employees.

21. Domestic Violence
In the 1990’s many departments and states changed regulations/laws regarding police response to incidents of domestic violence. The laws require police to make an arrest.
Police training on this issue increased to include protecting the officer from injury, listening skills, domestic violence report writing, and arrest procedures.

22. Use of Force and Deadly Force
Key to this training is scenario and simulation training. This training can include role playing, case study review, and computer generated training.

23. Less Lethal Training
Less lethal weapons include a wide range of devices that will in most case not cause immediate death if used properly. Purpose is to cause pain and create compliance of a combative subject.

24. Cultural Diversity Training
Defined as: having empathy toward other cultures and ways of life in order to explain why people feel the way they do. Cultural diversity training prepares officers to deal with various ethnic communities
Virginia mandates that all sworn officers receive cultural diversity training at least once every 24 months.

25. Hate Crimes
Hate crimes or bias crimes is defined as offenses motivated by hatred based on his or her race, religion, sexual orientation, handicap or national origin.

26. Virginia Hate Crime Law
Va Code
§ Reporting hate crimes.
A. The Superintendent shall establish and maintain within the Department of State Police a central repository for the collection and analysis of information regarding hate crimes and groups and individuals carrying out such acts.
B. State, county and municipal law-enforcement agencies shall report to the Department all hate crimes occurring in their jurisdictions in a form, time and manner prescribed by the Superintendent. Such reports shall not be open to public inspection except insofar as the Superintendent shall permit

27. C. For purposes of this section, "hate crime" means (i) a criminal act committed against a person or his property with the specific intent of instilling fear or intimidation in the individual against whom the act is perpetrated because of race, religion or ethnic origin or that is committed for the purpose of restraining that person from exercising his rights under the Constitution or laws of this Commonwealth or of the United States, (ii) any illegal act directed against any persons or their property because of those persons' race, religion or national origin, and (iii) all other incidents, as determined by law-enforcement authorities, intended to intimidate or harass any individual or group because of race, religion or national origin.
**Note-Va. Hate Crime law does not include sexual orientation

28. Specialist Training
Officers assigned to specialized units such as investigations, vice, accident investigations and sex crimes, should have specialized training in their areas of responsibility.

29. Supervisory Training
Officers promoted to sergeant enter into the supervisory training phase. As soon as practical they should be enrolled in a supervisory development course.
If it is known that an officer will be promoted in the coming months, he/she should receive supervisory training prior to being promoted.

30. First Line Supervisor Training Topics
Role of supervisor and leadership skills
Wellness program
Supervisor communications
Civil Liability
Evaluation, counseling and discipline
Intermediate law
Crime Prevention and community relations
Stress Management
Critical Incident Management
Personnel Issues
Use of deadly force
Report review
Supervisor as a trainer

31. Management Training
Once promoted to the management ranks, the individual should attend senior management training. There are a variety of programs around the United States. These programs are college level studies, some which offer Master Degree credits. They range from three months in length to a few weeks.

32. Senior Management Training
FBI National Academy
Southern Police Institute
Southwestern Law Enforcement Institute
Senior Management Institute for Police
Senior Executive Leadership Forum

33. Civil Liability
Civil Liability exist in the failure to train police officers or training in a negligent fashion.