1. SCALES

2. Scale
Scale is the constant ratio between the dimensions of the drawing and the corresponding dimensions of the object being drawn.
Drawing
Scale =
Reality

3. The relationship is expressed as a proportion.
Example: Scale = ½
Scale = 1:2
Length in the drawing : Actual length

4. This ratio can be expressed in many ways
Examples:
1: (“1 to 50”)
2% (“2 percent”)
(“point 02”)
3/5 (“3 over 5”, “3 5ths”,
“3 out of 5”)

5. The Three Types of Scales
1. Natural/ Full Scale
2. Enlarged Scale
3. Reduced Scale

6. Natural Scale / Full Scale
A scale in which the dimensions of the drawing are equal to those of the object.
Scale 1:1
What are some examples of full scale drawing?
When might we use this scale?

7. Example: A full scale tap.

8. Enlarged Scale
The scale used when a small object is drawn larger than its actual size.
Examples:
Scale 5:1
Scale 3:1
What are some examples of enlarged scale drawing?
When might we use this scale?

11. Reduced Scale
The scale used when a large object is drawn smaller than its actual size.
Examples:
Scale 1:5
Scale 1:100
What are some examples of reduced scale drawing?
When might we use this scale?

12. For example: Architectural floorplans

13. Construction City Planning Maps
We often find reduced scale in the following:
Construction
1:1, 1:2, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50, 1:100, 1:200
City Planning
1:500, 1:1000, 1:2000, 1:5000
Maps
1:20000 to 1:75000

14. Determine the measurements in a drawing
To draw an object to a scale that is not natural, we have to determine the necessary measurements of the dimensions.

15. For example, to draw an actual length of 20 mm to a scale of 2:1, we must do the following:
Measurement in drawing
Scale =
Actual measurement
We know that the scale is 2/1, so
Measurement in drawing =
2 x actual measurement = 2 x 20 = 40 mm

16. Determine the scale of a drawing
To calculate the scale of a drawing, you must find the ratio between the dimensions of the drawing and those of the actual object.

17. For example: a drawing has a measurement of 20 mm and the actual object has a measurement of 1,000 mm.
Measurement in the drawing
Scale =
Actual measurement
Scale = = ---- or 1:50 1,

18. Modular Network: created with the repitition of flat polygonal forms
Modular Network: created with the repitition of flat polygonal forms. They help to arrange and balance a composition. There should be no empty spaces between polygons.

19. Simple Modular Networks: networks made by the repitition of only one figure, usually a triangle or a square. They can also be made with diamonds, rhomboids, rectangles, hexagons etc.

20. Compound Modular Networks can be formed in two ways: either by placing various geometric figures next to each at the same time or by superimposing them.

21. The module: a separable component, frequently one that is interchangeable with others, for assembly into units of differing size, complexity, or function.

22. Submodule: the smallest part into which the module can be divided.
Supermodule: A set of various modules

23. You can use modules or supermodules in various ways to create art.
Modular Compositions
You can use modules or supermodules in various ways to create art.
By shifting/translating it.
By rotating and shifting/translating it.
The network to the left has examples of both

24. You can also use modular compositions to create a visual sensation of depth and relief.
Examples:
V. Vasarely

25. M.C. Escher

26. Anomaly: deviation from the
normal pattern or rule