1. Finding the True Meaning of a Word Step 1: Identify the PIE for the following words: – Affidavit – Witness – Scientific – Advisory – Confirm – Epidermis – Fealty – Spiritual – Inspire – Nice

2. Finding the True Meaning of a Word Step 2: Find three cognates in various Indo European languages (preferably Latin, French, English, Germanic, or Greek) Step 3: Identify other words with cognates of the root Step 4: Trace the change in form (see today’s lesson)

3. Finding the True Meaning of a Word Identify the PIE for the following words: – Affidavit (fid- bheidh) – Witness (wit- weid) – Scientific (sci- skei) – Advisory (vid- weid) – Fealty (fea- bheidh ) – Spiritual (spir-s/peis ) – Inspire (spir- s/peis) – Nice (sci- skei)

4. M.O.O. to the R. Words and Phrases Define the Following Words using Etymology and your Law Dictionary; You will see the definitions are similar Identity Person Nationality Race

5. M.O.O. to the R. Words and Phrases Identity – from yon, referring to “it” or “that one” Person – refers to a mask or face Nationality – refers to birth and origin Race – refers to a species or kind

6. M.O.O. to the R. Words and Phrases Minority Black Black-a-moor Color Define the Following Words using Etymology and your Law Dictionary; You will see the definitions are similar

7. M.O.O. to the R. Words and Phrases Minority – condition of being smaller; pertains to legal age Black – to burn a bright, pale hue Black-a-moor – a Moor derogatorily marked as Black. Color – to conceal or hide

8. Why Etymology Aren’t etymological definitions archaic? Are they still in usage? Isn’t that confusing? Can students really distinguish between connotative and denotative differences? Does it really matter today anyway? Don’t we commonly use connotative meanings, so that is what we should continue to teach?

9. Indo-European How Words Change in Form

10. Recall 1.The Proto Indo-European (PIE) root of word is identifying the true essence of the word’s meaning. 2.Indo-European language family refers to a common tongue that was spoken during the 5 th century BC. It is the home of Spanish, English, Sanskrit, Russian, Urdu, Greek, Latin, etc…

11. Etymological Study To trace a word back to its true and root meaning using the American Heritage Dictionary of English Language: – Identify the word’s part of speech – [Look in the brackets] at the end of the definition. – Identify the Indo European Root – Look in the Appendix to see its name and its cognates in other languages within the language family.

12. How Words Change in Form Cognate: common descent – loc; loqui; loqu; log (to speak) – lig, leg, leag; lex; lec (to bind) – fact, fic, fect (to do or make) Ablaut: vowel shift – ran and run – ride and rode – fly, flew, flown, etc… Umlaut: vowel is modified to conform more closely to the vowel in the next syllable

13. Consonant Sounds and Language Chart

14. Transliteration of Words Permutation – changes through the classes per (through) + mutate (change) + ion (noun) Transmutation – changes across the class trans (across) + mutate (change) + ion (noun)

15. Transliteration of Words

16. How Words Change in Form Epenthesis adding on or more sounds to a word (esp the interior). Epi= on; en= in; thesis= putting Excresence (adding a consonant) Anaptyxis (adding a vowel) Examples thunor-thunder tremulare-trembler messager- messenger homine-homne- homre- hombre

17. How Words Change in Form Apheresis To take away a sound. ap(o) + here + sis Apo=away hairein= to take Examples [a]cute- cute [a]mend-mend [e]scape + goat- scapegoat; [E]gipcien- gipcyan, gipsen ‘Gypsy’ [e]squire [A]ssyria- Syria [e]strange- strange

18. How Words Change in Form Metathesis Put a sound in a different order/change the order meta + the + sis Meta=change + thesis= put Examples comf[ort]able- comfterble ca[val]ry- calvary hrso-horse

19. How Words Change in Form Apocope: take away one or more vowels at the end of a word apo + cope Examples grand[e]-gran buen[o]-buen tan[to]-tan un[o]-un; cien[to]-cien primer[o]-primer tercer[o]-tercer

20. How Words Change in Form Syncope: the loss of one or more sounds from the interior of a word syn + cope Syn= without; cope (koptein)= strike, cut off Occurs in inflections, poetic devices, and informal speech Examples: o[v]er-o’er; ne[v]er-ne’er; heav[e]n-heav’n; did n[o]t- didn’t; I w[oul]d h[av]e- I’d’ve

21. Spanish and Latin Cognates Spanish: apellido – refers to last name or surname – relates to repeal, appeal – Latin: appellare, meaning to call – peal reduces to pel and pl

22. Spanish and Latin Cognates ct  ch: – duct (English); ducha (Spanish); duche (French) – refers to wash/shower – Latin: ductus – d-ct to d-ch – See also: facticius and hechizo reluctant and luchar direct and derecho macha and immaculate

23. Spanish and Latin Cognates cl  ll: – claim (English); llamar (Spanish) – refers to call or claim – Latin: clamare – cl to ll – enclave (English); llave (Spanish) – refers to key – Latin: clavis – see Spanish clavo, for nail

24. Spanish and Latin Cognates F  P – five (English); cinco (Spanish) – Latin: – Greek: penta – Indo European p transliterates to f sound in English by way of the Germanic languages and tribes.

25. Classifying Vowel Shifts Classify the following shifts in sound ct to ch (permutation and epenthesis) cl to ll (permutation and syncope) f to p (transmutation)