1. Temporal Investment of Adaptation and Mitigation Presenter: Bruce A. McCarl Weiwei Wang Department of Agricultural Economics Texas A&M University April 6, 2011

2. Outline  Introduction  Conceptual Framework  Technical Part  Conclusion  Future Work

3. Climate Change and Political Strategies IPCC (2007) ”Most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely (>90%) due to the observed increase in anthropogenic (human emission caused) greenhouse gas concentrations.” The future will depend on the choices we make about Do little and live with it Plan to adapt Mitigate Emissions ? ?

4. Background on Adaptation and Mitigation Policy Responses MITIGATION MITIGATION GHG Sources and Sinks Atmospheric Processes and Global Climate Climate Change Exposure Initial Impacts Exposure Initial Impacts Autonomous Adaptation Residual Damages Planned Adaptation Planned Adaptation Vulnerabilities Source:Richard J.T. Klein (2007) “Links between Adaptation to and Mitigation of Climate Change” 3 rd Workshop, Bonn, Germany.

5. Policy Directions Economic Considerations Effective climate policy involves a portfolio of adaptation and mitigation Source IPCC Fouth Assessment Report WGII Ch 18

6. Investment Allocation Economic Considerations ActivityConsequences ConsumptionCurrent Utility Conventional investmentFuture production and consumption benefits Adaptation investmentAvoided climate change damages to production now and possibly in future- more consumption Mitigation investmentAvoided extent of climate change with lessened to production in future- more consumption

7. Importance of Adaptation More societal robustness to climate change Climate change cannot be totally avoided Planned adaptation is likely to be more effective and less costly than last-minute, emergency adaptation  Droughts, heatwaves, increased hurricane intensity and new disease vectors required forward-looking investment Immediate benefit can be gained from better adaptation to climate variability and extreme events Adaptation has a productive life

8. Limits and Barrier to Adaptation There are significant knowledge gaps for adaptation  Absence of measurable outcomes or indicators Inability of natural systems to adapt to the rate and magnitude of climate change, as well as technological, financial, cognitive, behavioral, social and cultural constraints. Most adaptation involves private actions, public arrangements and national & international policies Funds competition Uncertain returns

9. Links between adaptation and mitigation Trade-offs and synergies  Not a zero-sum game  Combined effects that both limit GHG emissions and reduce adverse damages Timing of investments  Substitute or complement Identifying the optimal mix of no action, mitigation and adaptation – significant policy challenge

10. Research Needs What are the relative contributions of adaptation and mitigation to climate change damage reduction? How mainstreaming climate policy would be most effective and cost-efficient? What are the social optimal allocations of investment in adaptation and mitigation over time?

11. Conceptual Framework

12. Optimal Control Model Model I mitigation only TCD: Total climate change damages q : losses as a function of realized climate change (c) m: mitigation effort IM(m) : mitigation cost g(m) : climate change realized given mitigation effort m Marginal Cost Marginal Benefit Abatement Level Cost $

13. Model II Adaptation + Mitigation a : the level of adaptation effort q(c,a): losses of realized climate change and the degree of adaptation effort IA(a): the cost of investment in adaptation

14. Literature Review on modeling adaptation and mitigation Literature base rather small, yet very diverse and inconsistent in its conclusions PAGE (Policy Analysis of the Greenhouse Effect) model (Hope et al, 1993) – Explicitly treat adaptation as a control variable – modeling adaptation as a binary choice FUND (The Climate Framework of Uncertainty, Negotiation and Distribution) (Tol, 2007) – Adaptation is very important and have to be traded off with mitigation – adaptation cost is limited to coastal protection

15. Literature Review.. AD-DICE (Adaptation in Dynamic Integrated model of Climate Change Economics) (de Bruin, 2009) – Adaptation is a powerful option in the first 100 years while mitigation does so afterwards – adaptation costs are “instantaneous” rather than persistent and based on coastal protection FEEM-RICE (Bosello, 2008) – Planned adaptation and mitigation are strategic complements – Calibration of adaptation costs was based on 1990’s surveys AD-WITCH (Adaptation- World Induced Technical Change Hybrid) (Bosello, 2010) – Mitigation started immediately while adaptation was delayed until somewhere later when gross damages were higher – Follow the same calibration as what did in the extension of FEEM-RICE

16. Methodology Explicitly adding the adaptation module into DICE model Modeling the stock nature of adaptation investment Incorporating a more broadly based damage function that is from the economy wide assessment of adaptation cost from Parry et al (2009)

17. Technical Part DICE (2007) – AD-DICE (2009) – AD-DICE++ (2011) Rest is drawn from Wang, W.W., and B.A. McCarl, "Temporal Investment in Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation", Draft Paper TAMU, 2011.

18. Adding explicit adaptation to DICE Improving adaptation features Calibration of adaptation cost function

19. Calibration of Adaptation Cost Function Fit a function reflective of a statement in Parry et al. (2009) Figure 1. Portrayal of relationship between adaptation investment, residual damages and unavoidable damages Figure 2. Fitted line

20. Add adaptation investment to DICE Assume that decisions on the levels of adaptation and mitigation are separable but compete for funds with consumption and traditional investment Where Q: net output of goods and services net of climate change damages after abatement C: consumption I: “traditional” investment of production capital IM: mitigation investment IA: adaptation investment

21. Results and Discussions Effects of Planned Adaptation Figure 1: Optimal mitigation investment with and without planned adaptation allowed Figure 2: Benefits in terms of damages reduction from mitigation and adaptation in AD- DICE++ model

22. Effects of Adaptation Figure 3. Total damages with and without planned adaptation Figure 4. Gross world productivity with and without planned adaptation

23. Optimal Time Path of Adaptation and Mitigation Investment Reasons for Differences: The different mechanism of adaptation and mitigation The different timing of results from adaptation and mitigation Figure 5. Optimal investment of adaptation and mitigation in the model with both allowed Figure 6. Temporal investment distributions between adaptation and mitigation

24. Sensitivity Analysis Figure 7. Adaptation investment decreases with the unavoidable damages Figure 8. Stock of adaption investment decreases with the depreciation rates

25. Concluding Comments Well planned adaptation is an economically effective complement to mitigation and an important current policy option Adaptation investment tackles the short run reduction of damages in the first 250 years while mitigation dominates from thereon Effective political strategy is the immediate role for adaptation with a longer run transition to mitigation as the damages from GHG concentrations increases

26. Limitations We estimate the relative costs and benefits at a highly aggregated level There is no single optimal mix of adaptation and mitigation as this depends on local conditions, uncertainties and different preferences and values in society Research on the links between adaptation and mitigation needs to beyond economic and integrated assessment modeling

27. Future Work Modeling direct interaction between adaptation and mitigation in terms of their specific effectiveness and trade-offs Identifying the optimal strategy mix considering regional differences and climate change uncertainties Implementing extreme events and other risks

28. Thank you very much for your attention.