1. ENERGY SOURCES

2. TYPES OF SOURCES RENEWABLE: CAN BE REGENERATED IN A SHORT AMOUNT OF TIME OR IS BASICALLY UNLIMITED RENEWABLE: CAN BE REGENERATED IN A SHORT AMOUNT OF TIME OR IS BASICALLY UNLIMITED NON-RENEWABLE: CAN’T BE REPLACED IN A SHORT AMOUNT OF TIME AND IS LIMITED NON-RENEWABLE: CAN’T BE REPLACED IN A SHORT AMOUNT OF TIME AND IS LIMITED

3. NON-RENEWABLE FOSSIL FUELS FOSSIL FUELS –NATURAL GAS –COAL –OIL FISSION FISSION

4. RENEWABLE HYDRO HYDRO SOLAR SOLAR WOOD WOOD TRASH TRASH GEOTHERMAL GEOTHERMAL WIND WIND FUSION FUSION

5. GEOTHERMAL

6. Natural steam from the production wells power the turbine generator. The steam is condensed by evaporation in the cooling tower and pumped down an injection well to sustain production. © 2000 Geothermal Education Office

7. Like all steam turbine generators, the force of steam is used to spin the turbine blades which spin the generator, producing electricity. But with geothermal energy, no fuels are burned. © 2000 Geothermal Education Office

8. Turbine blades inside a geothermal turbine generator. © 2000 Geothermal Education Office

9. Turbine generator outdoors at an Imperial Valley geothermal power plant in California. © 2000 Geothermal Education Office

12. DRY STEAM POWER PLANT In dry steam power plants, the steam (and no water) shoots up the wells and is passed through a rock catcher (not shown) and then directly into the turbine. Dry steam fields are rare. © 2000 Geothermal Education Office

13. THE GEYSERS CALIFORNIA The first geothermal power plants in the U.S. were built in 1962 at The Geysers dry steam field, in northern California. It is still the largest producing geothermal field in the world. © 2000 Geothermal Education Office

14. 20 plants are still operating at The Geysers. Wastewater from nearby cities is injected into the field, providing environmentally safe disposal and increased steam to power plants. © 2000 Geothermal Education Office

15. FLASH STEAM POWER PLANT Flash steam power plants use hot water reservoirs. In flash plants, as hot water is released from the pressure of the deep reservoir in a flash tank, some of it flashes to steam. Flash steam power plants use hot water reservoirs. In flash plants, as hot water is released from the pressure of the deep reservoir in a flash tank, some of it flashes to steam.

16. Flash technology was invented in New Zealand. Flash steam plants are the most common, since most reservoirs are hot water reservoirs. This flash steam plant is in East Mesa, California. © 2000 Geothermal Education Office

17. In a binary cycle power plant (binary means two), the heat from geothermal water is used to vaporize a "working fluid" in separate adjacent pipes. The vapor, like steam, powers the turbine generator. © 2000 Geothermal Education Office

18. In the heat exchanger, heat is transferred from the geothermal water to a second liquid. The geothermal water is never exposed to the air and is injected back into the periphery of the reservoir. © 2000 Geothermal Education Office

19. This power plant provides about 25% of the electricity used on the Big Island of Hawaii. It is a hybrid binary and flash plant. © 2000 Geothermal Education Office

24. Geothermal power could serve 100% of the electrical needs of 39 countries (over 620,000,000 people) in Africa, Central/ South America and the Pacific. © 2000 Geothermal Education Office

25. FUSION POWER

26. STAR POWER www.td.anl.gov

27. ADVANTAGES UNLIMITED SUPPLY UNLIMITED SUPPLY NO GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS NO GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS NO RADIATION NO RADIATION

28. FUELS DUETERIUM: COULD LAST MILLIONS DUETERIUM: COULD LAST MILLIONS OF YEARS TRITIUM IS BRED FROM LITHIUM LITHIUM: COULD LAST FOR ATLEAST 1000 YEARS

29. COMBINING HEAVY HYDROGEN ISOTOPES INTO HELIUM RELEASES THE GREATEST AMOUNT OF POWER COMBINING HEAVY HYDROGEN ISOTOPES INTO HELIUM RELEASES THE GREATEST AMOUNT OF POWER en.wikipedia.org

30. www.jet.efda.org

31. Dueterium + Dueterium  Dueterium + Dueterium  Tritium +Proton  Helium + neutron

32. FUSION REACTIONS To get molecules to fuse, the repulsion forces must be overcome by: To get molecules to fuse, the repulsion forces must be overcome by: –Gravity (as in stars) –Magnetic fields on plasma –Rapid pulse of energy to a fusion fuel (hydrogen bomb or a pulse of a laser, ion or electron beam)

33. How can a plasma be confined ? www.jet.efda.org

34. STAR FUSION en.wikipedia.org

35. PLASMA Plasmas occur at very high temperatures - the electrons are stripped from the atomic nuclei. (Image courtesy CEA, France) Plasmas occur at very high temperatures - the electrons are stripped from the atomic nuclei. (Image courtesy CEA, France) www.jet.efda.org

36. HYDROGEN BOMB en.wikipedia.org

37. Magnetic confinement pinching the field lines at the end -> reflection (“mirror”) pinching the field lines at the end -> reflection (“mirror”) -> linear arrangement Particles move freely along field lines: how to stop the losses in that direction ? two solutions however: a pure toroidal field does not work however: a pure toroidal field does not work need a helical field need a helical field closing the field lines on themselves closing the field lines on themselves -> toroidal confinement www.jet.efda.org

38. TOKAMAK (MAGNETIC FIELD) www.jet.efda.org

39. TORUS THE VACUUM CHAMBER OF THE TOKAMAK www.jet.efda.org

40. MAGNETIC FIELD IN TOKAMAK www.jet.efda.org

41. TOKAMAK

42. HEATING THE PLASMA www.jet.efda.org

43. 2.5%, 0.7  T,  P 10 Q (P fus /P i n ) 80+ P  (MW) 40-90 P aux (MW) 0.5, 1.85 ,,,, 5.3 B t (T) 15(17) I P (MA) 850 V P (m 3 ) 2 a (m) 6.2 R (m) ITER estimated cost : 4 000 Million Euro ITER will be a nuclear machine: 1.5 x 10 20 neutrons/s www.jet.efda.org

44. What is a plasma : fourth state of Matter Increasing Temperature A plasma is electrically conducting and very reactive www.jet.efda.org