1. Innocence Unit: Poetry C. Edge English I ECHS2007-2008

2. Reading Skills and Strategies: Poetry Look for punctuation in the poem telling you where sentences begin and end. Look for punctuation in the poem telling you where sentences begin and end. Do not make a full stop at the end of a line if there is no period, comma, colon, semicolon, or dash there. Do not make a full stop at the end of a line if there is no period, comma, colon, semicolon, or dash there. If a passage of a poem is difficult to understand, look for the subject, verb, and complement of each sentence. If a passage of a poem is difficult to understand, look for the subject, verb, and complement of each sentence.

3. Reading Skills and Strategies: Poetry Be alert for comparisons—for figures of speech. Be alert for comparisons—for figures of speech. Read the poem aloud. Read the poem aloud. After you have read the poem, talk about it and read it again. After you have read the poem, talk about it and read it again. Read the poem a third time. Read the poem a third time.

4. Speaker DEFINITION—the voice that talks to the reader DEFINITION—the voice that talks to the reader Every poem has one Every poem has one May NOT be the poet May NOT be the poet May be a fictional person, an animal, or even a thing May be a fictional person, an animal, or even a thing Similar to the narrator in prose writing Similar to the narrator in prose writing

5. Lines of Poetry DEFINITION—a word or row of words that may or may not form a complete sentence DEFINITION—a word or row of words that may or may not form a complete sentence Similar to sentences in prose writing. Similar to sentences in prose writing. EXAMPLE: (there are four lines in this poem) EXAMPLE: (there are four lines in this poem) Roses are red. Violets are blue. You look like a monkey and you smell like one, too.

6. Stanzas DEFINITION—a group of lines forming a unit of poetry DEFINITION—a group of lines forming a unit of poetry Stanzas are separated by blank spaces. Stanzas are separated by blank spaces. Similar to paragraphs in prose writing Similar to paragraphs in prose writing EXAMPLE: (There is one stanza here) EXAMPLE: (There is one stanza here) Roses are red. Violets are blue. You look like a monkey and you smell like one, too.

7. Rhythm DEFINITION—the pattern of sound created by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line. DEFINITION—the pattern of sound created by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line. Can be regular or irregular Can be regular or irregular EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: Ro-ses are red.(4 beats) Vio-lets are blue.(4 beats) You look like a mon-key (6 beats) and you smell like one, too.(6 beats)

8. Meter DEFINITION—a regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables, which sets the overall rhythm of certain poems DEFINITION—a regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables, which sets the overall rhythm of certain poems Stressed syllables are marked ( ’ ) and unstressed syllables are marked (~) Stressed syllables are marked ( ’ ) and unstressed syllables are marked (~) EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: ‘ ~ ~ ‘ Ro-ses are red. ‘ ~ ~ ‘ Vio-lets are blue. ~ ‘ ~ ~ ‘ ~ ~ ‘ ~ ~ ‘ ~ You look like a mon-key ~ ‘ ~ ~ ‘ ~ ~ ‘ ~ ~ ‘ ~ and you smell like one, too.

9. Rhyme DEFINITION—the repetition of the same stressed vowel sound and any succeeding sounds in two or more words DEFINITION—the repetition of the same stressed vowel sound and any succeeding sounds in two or more words Internal rhyme—occurs within a line of poetry Internal rhyme—occurs within a line of poetry Example: “life is full of strife” Example: “life is full of strife” End rhyme—occurs at the ends of lines within the same stanza End rhyme—occurs at the ends of lines within the same stanza Example: Example: Roses are red. Violets are blue. You look like a monkey and you smell like one, too.

10. Rhyme Scheme DEFINITION—the pattern of the end rhymes DEFINITION—the pattern of the end rhymes May be designated by assigning a different letter of the alphabet to each new rhyme. May be designated by assigning a different letter of the alphabet to each new rhyme. EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: Ro-ses are red.A Vio-lets are blue.B You look like a mon-key C and you smell like one, too.B

11. Imagery DEFINITION—descriptive language that appeals to the senses—sight, sound, touch, taste, or smell. DEFINITION—descriptive language that appeals to the senses—sight, sound, touch, taste, or smell. Some images appeal to more than one sense. Some images appeal to more than one sense. EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: The whistle of a boat Calls and cries unendingly (this image appeals to what sense?)

12. Imagery Imagery contributes to a poem’s forcefulness. Imagery contributes to a poem’s forcefulness. Imagery helps readers see things freshly like the poet sees them. Imagery helps readers see things freshly like the poet sees them. Imagery is part of poet’s individual personal style. Imagery is part of poet’s individual personal style. Imagery that is fresh and powerful helps to create a strong emotional reaction. Imagery that is fresh and powerful helps to create a strong emotional reaction.

13. Simile and Metaphor Simile—a figure of speech using a word such as like or as to directly compare seemingly unlike things Simile—a figure of speech using a word such as like or as to directly compare seemingly unlike things Example: He ran as fast as a cat. Example: He ran as fast as a cat. Metaphor—a figure of speech that compares or equates seemingly unlike things, but does so indirectly Metaphor—a figure of speech that compares or equates seemingly unlike things, but does so indirectly Example: His speed was almost feline. Example: His speed was almost feline.

14. Metaphor In a direct metaphor, a comparison is made using a verb such as is. In a direct metaphor, a comparison is made using a verb such as is. In an implied metaphor, a comparison is suggested rather than stated directly. In an implied metaphor, a comparison is suggested rather than stated directly.

15. Personification DEFINITION—attributing human characteristics to an animal, object, or idea DEFINITION—attributing human characteristics to an animal, object, or idea EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: The trees danced in the moonlight…

16. A Narrow Fellow In The Grass by Emily Dickinson. A narrow fellow in the grass Occasionally rides; You may have met him, did you not, His notice sudden is. The grass divides as with a comb, A spotted shaft is seen; And then it closes at your feet And opens further on. He likes a boggy acre, A floor too cool for corn. Yet when a child, and barefoot, I more than once, at morn, Have passed, I thought, a whip-lash Unbraiding in the sun, When, stooping to secure it, It wrinkled, and was gone. Several of nature's people I know, and they know me; I feel for them a transport Of cordiality; But never met this fellow, Attended or alone, Without a tighter breathing, And zero at the bone.

17. A Narrow Fellow In The Grass by Emily Dickinson. A narrow fellow in the grass Occasionally rides; You may have met him, did you not, His notice sudden is. The grass divides as with a comb, A spotted shaft is seen; And then it closes at your feet And opens further on. He likes a boggy acre, A floor too cool for corn. Yet when a child, and barefoot, I more than once, at morn, Have passed, I thought, a whip-lash Unbraiding in the sun, When, stooping to secure it, It wrinkled, and was gone. Several of nature's people I know, and they know me; I feel for them a transport Of cordiality; But never met this fellow, Attended or alone, Without a tighter breathing, And zero at the bone. Identify the subject, verb, and complement of l.4 and rearrange the syntax into standard word order. What do you think l. 4 means? Subject: notice Verb: is Complement: sudden You don’t notice he is there until you are right on top of him; he just seems to appear from nowhere.

18. A Narrow Fellow In The Grass by Emily Dickinson. A narrow fellow in the grass Occasionally rides; You may have met him, did you not, His notice sudden is. The grass divides as with a comb, A spotted shaft is seen; And then it closes at your feet And opens further on. He likes a boggy acre, A floor too cool for corn. Yet when a child, and barefoot, I more than once, at morn, Have passed, I thought, a whip-lash Unbraiding in the sun, When, stooping to secure it, It wrinkled, and was gone. Several of nature's people I know, and they know me; I feel for them a transport Of cordiality; But never met this fellow, Attended or alone, Without a tighter breathing, And zero at the bone. What two things are compared by the author? He compares the path made in the grass to hair parted by a comb. How does this comparison help the reader imagine the “narrow fellow’s” movement? Although readers may be unfamiliar with a snake’s movement, they can easily visualize a comb parting hair. The speaker describes his reaction to a snake as “zero at the bone.” What do you think he means?

19. “When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer” By: Walt Whitman Elements of Literature, p. 496

20. Scene DEFINITION—The location of the events of the poem. DEFINITION—The location of the events of the poem. Poets use images to establish scene. Poets use images to establish scene. A scene can be an external physical setting A scene can be an external physical setting A hillside, a city, a pond, a room, etc. A hillside, a city, a pond, a room, etc. A scene can be internalized A scene can be internalized Inside the speaker’s mind Inside the speaker’s mind

21. Repetition DEFINITION—elements that are repeated DEFINITION—elements that are repeated Sounds can be repeated as well as words, phrases, and images. Sounds can be repeated as well as words, phrases, and images. Examples of sound repetitions: Examples of sound repetitions: Alliteration Alliteration Assonance—the repetition of vowel sounds within a line of poetry Assonance—the repetition of vowel sounds within a line of poetry

22. Alliteration DEFINITION—the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginnings of words DEFINITION—the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginnings of words EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. How many pecks of pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick?

23. Assonance DEFINITION—the repetition of vowel sounds within a line of poetry DEFINITION—the repetition of vowel sounds within a line of poetry EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain

24. When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer By Walt Whitman When I heard the learn'd astronomer; When the proofs, the figures, were ranged in columns before me; When I was shown the charts and the diagrams, to add, divide, and measure them; When I, sitting, heard the astronomer, where he lectured with much applause in the lecture-room, How soon, unaccountable, I became tired and sick; Till rising and gliding out, I wander'd off by myself, In the mystical moist night-air, and from time to time, Look'd up in perfect silence at the stars.

25. Repetition What words or images are repeated in ll. 1-4? Repetition includes the use of “When I” to begin each line, the phrase “heard the astronomer,” and the words “lectured” and “lecture”. The image of numbers and charts is also repeated. How does the repetition help the reader understand the speaker’s mood? The repetition creates a monotonous rhythm, echoing the boredom felt by the speaker; readers can almost hear the astronomer drone on and on.

26. Imagery and Scene How does the image of the “mystical moist night air” help the reader identify the external and internal scenes in this part of the poem? The words moist, night, and air appeal to the senses of sight and touch and describe the external physical setting, the word mystical reveals the speaker’s mental state, which is the internal scene. How does this scene differ from the lecture room? The night sky has a feeling of expansion and freedom while the lecture room feels closed and contained; this scene conveys mystery and wonder, while the lecture room seems rigid and dull.

27. Question #1, p. 498 When you think of images in the world that give you joy or that fill you with wonder, do you look at ordinary things or at cosmic things, as Whitman does? Or do you find wonder in abstractions like math (or astronomy)? Talk over your responses to each poet’s source of wonder and joy. When you think of images in the world that give you joy or that fill you with wonder, do you look at ordinary things or at cosmic things, as Whitman does? Or do you find wonder in abstractions like math (or astronomy)? Talk over your responses to each poet’s source of wonder and joy.

28. Question #3, p. 498 What scenes do you see and share in Whitman’s poem? What scenes do you see and share in Whitman’s poem? External scenes include a lecture hall and the outdoors under the stars. Internal scenes are the speaker’s opposite states of mind; inside, he feels stifled; outside, he feels at peace. External scenes include a lecture hall and the outdoors under the stars. Internal scenes are the speaker’s opposite states of mind; inside, he feels stifled; outside, he feels at peace.

29. Question #4, p. 498 What do you think sick means in Whitman’s poem—what was bothering the speaker as he listened to the astronomer? At the end of the poem, what part of the speaker has been restored by the “mystical” starry night? What do you think sick means in Whitman’s poem—what was bothering the speaker as he listened to the astronomer? At the end of the poem, what part of the speaker has been restored by the “mystical” starry night? The speaker was sick at heart and unsettled because the astronomer reduced the beauty of the stars to charts and diagrams. Outside, the speaker’s mood is restored. The speaker was sick at heart and unsettled because the astronomer reduced the beauty of the stars to charts and diagrams. Outside, the speaker’s mood is restored.

30. Question #5, p. 498 Suppose you, the learn’d astronomer, came upon Whitman’s poem a week after your lecture. How would you respond to the poet? Suppose you, the learn’d astronomer, came upon Whitman’s poem a week after your lecture. How would you respond to the poet? The astronomer may feel annoyed by Whitman’s irreverence and lack of respect for learning. Others may think that the astronomer would disagree with Whitman and claim that astronomy makes people appreciate the night sky all the more. The astronomer may feel annoyed by Whitman’s irreverence and lack of respect for learning. Others may think that the astronomer would disagree with Whitman and claim that astronomy makes people appreciate the night sky all the more.

31. “Fog” By: Carl Sandburg Elements of Literature, p. 502

32. Simile and Metaphor Simile—a figure of speech using a word such as like or as to directly compare seemingly unlike things Simile—a figure of speech using a word such as like or as to directly compare seemingly unlike things Example: He ran as fast as a cat. Example: He ran as fast as a cat. Metaphor—a figure of speech that compares or equates seemingly unlike things, but does so indirectly Metaphor—a figure of speech that compares or equates seemingly unlike things, but does so indirectly Example: His speed was almost feline. Example: His speed was almost feline.

33. Metaphor In a direct metaphor, a comparison is made using a verb such as is. In a direct metaphor, a comparison is made using a verb such as is. In an implied metaphor, a comparison is suggested rather than stated directly. In an implied metaphor, a comparison is suggested rather than stated directly.

34. “Fog” By: Carl Sandburg The fog comes on little cat feet. It sits looking over harbor and city on silent haunches and then moves on.

35. Metaphor and Imagery Do you think the comparison of fog to a cat makes sense? Why or why not? Yes, both fog and cats move silently and seem mysterious and elusive; no, fog is more dangerous than a cat. What details extend the image of the cat in these lines? Like a cat, the fog sits and looks; it rests “on silent haunches.”

36. Question #4, p. 507 “Fog” Why do you think Sandburg thought the fog was like a cat? What other cat actions could fit into “Fog”? Why do you think Sandburg thought the fog was like a cat? What other cat actions could fit into “Fog”? Fog creeps in silently life a cat; cats also move quickly, as can fog. Fog creeps in silently life a cat; cats also move quickly, as can fog.

37. Question #8, p. 507 “Fog” Read Sandburg’s “Fog” again. Pretend you are actually standing at the edge of a harbor and watching the fog come in across the water. How do you feel about everything around you disappearing? How does the fog feel against your skin? Read Sandburg’s “Fog” again. Pretend you are actually standing at the edge of a harbor and watching the fog come in across the water. How do you feel about everything around you disappearing? How does the fog feel against your skin? The moment feels mysterious and spooky; the fog feels clammy. The moment feels mysterious and spooky; the fog feels clammy.

38. “in Just” By: E.E. Cummings Elements of Literature, p. 504

39. Imagery DEFINITION—descriptive language that appeals to the senses—sight, sound, touch, taste, or smell. DEFINITION—descriptive language that appeals to the senses—sight, sound, touch, taste, or smell. Some images appeal to more than one sense. Some images appeal to more than one sense. EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: The whistle of a boat Calls and cries unendingly (this image appeals to what sense?)

40. Cliché DEFINITION—an expression so often used that its freshness and clarity have worn off DEFINITION—an expression so often used that its freshness and clarity have worn off A cliché is a word that has been “played out.” A cliché is a word that has been “played out.”

41. Allusion DEFINITION—a figure of speech that makes brief reference to a historical or literary figure, event, or object DEFINITION—a figure of speech that makes brief reference to a historical or literary figure, event, or object Example from music: Example from music: Led Zeppelin’s “Battle of Evermore” has references to Lord of the Rings. Led Zeppelin’s “Battle of Evermore” has references to Lord of the Rings.

42. “in Just-” E. E. Cummings in Just- spring when the world is mud- luscious the little lame balloonman whistles far and wee and eddieandbill come running from marbles and piracies and it’s spring when the world is puddle-wonderful the queer old balloonman whistles far and wee and bettyandisbel come dancing from hop-scotch and jump-rope and it’s spring and the goat-footed balloonMan whistles far and wee

43. Question #5, p. 507 E. E. Cummings is famous for his unusual punctuation and arrangements of words. What are the children doing in “in Just-” that matches the leaps and jumps of the words? Why do you think Cummings made single words out of the names Eddie and Bill, Betty and Isbel? E. E. Cummings is famous for his unusual punctuation and arrangements of words. What are the children doing in “in Just-” that matches the leaps and jumps of the words? Why do you think Cummings made single words out of the names Eddie and Bill, Betty and Isbel?

44. Question #6, p. 507 Both Pan and Hephaestus, like most other Greek gods, were pretty tricky customers. Do you think Cummings depicts the balloon man as completely harmless and kind? Which of the poem’s words and images support your response? Both Pan and Hephaestus, like most other Greek gods, were pretty tricky customers. Do you think Cummings depicts the balloon man as completely harmless and kind? Which of the poem’s words and images support your response?

45. Creative Writing—BONUS ASSIGNMENT Imitate the style of Cummings’s poem “in Just-,” and write a poem presenting fresh images that you associate with a particular season. Avoid clichés and other overused expressions. You might open the way Cummings did: “in Just-... when the world is...” Play with words and punctuation and typography just as Cummings did. Imitate the style of Cummings’s poem “in Just-,” and write a poem presenting fresh images that you associate with a particular season. Avoid clichés and other overused expressions. You might open the way Cummings did: “in Just-... when the world is...” Play with words and punctuation and typography just as Cummings did.

46. “Fifteen” By: William Stafford Elements of Literature, p. 570

47. Denotation and Connotation Denotation—The basic meaning of a word. Denotation—The basic meaning of a word. Connotation—The emotional implications and associations that words may carry, apart from their denotative meanings. Connotation—The emotional implications and associations that words may carry, apart from their denotative meanings.

48. “Fifteen” William Stafford South of the Bridge on Seventeenth I found back of the willows one summer day a motorcycle with engine running as it lay on its side, ticking over slowly in the high grass. I was fifteen. I admired all that pulsing gleam, the shiny flanks, the demure headlights fringed where it lay; I led it gently to the road and stood with that companion, ready and friendly. I was fifteen. We could find the end of a road, meet the sky on out Seventeenth. I thought about hills, and patting the handle got back a confident opinion. On the bridge we indulged a forward feeling, a tremble. I was fifteen. Thinking, back farther in the grass I found the owner, just coming to, where he had flipped over the rail. He had blood on his hand, was pale— I helped him walk to his machine. He ran his hand over it, called me a good man, roared away. I stood there, fifteen.

49. Question #1, p. 574 How do you think the writer of “Fifteen” felt about the conflict that he made into a poem? How do you think the writer of “Fifteen” felt about the conflict that he made into a poem?

50. Question #2, p. 574 How does the boy in “Fifteen” feel about the motorcycle? What lines convey that feeling? What have you experienced that allows you to understand his emotion? How does the boy in “Fifteen” feel about the motorcycle? What lines convey that feeling? What have you experienced that allows you to understand his emotion?

51. Question #3, p. 574 What do you think the boy in “Fifteen” mean in lines 11-12 when he says that he and the motorcycle could “meet the sky out on Seventeenth”? What else could “meet the sky” mean? What do you think the boy in “Fifteen” mean in lines 11-12 when he says that he and the motorcycle could “meet the sky out on Seventeenth”? What else could “meet the sky” mean?

52. Question #4, p. 574 The writer uses “Fifteen” as the title of the poem, and the phrase “I was fifteen” as a refrain, or chorus. What is the significance of that number? Could it as well have been sixteen? How about twelve or eighteen? The writer uses “Fifteen” as the title of the poem, and the phrase “I was fifteen” as a refrain, or chorus. What is the significance of that number? Could it as well have been sixteen? How about twelve or eighteen?

53. Question #8, p. 574 Suppose you are the person who finds the motorcycle in “Fifteen.” The man who owns it calls you a good man or woman. Given what you were just thinking about doing, how does that make you feel? Suppose you are the person who finds the motorcycle in “Fifteen.” The man who owns it calls you a good man or woman. Given what you were just thinking about doing, how does that make you feel?