1. STAAR Facts
2013 Social Studies

2. COLONIAL ERA Northern (New England) Colonies
Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine
Cold climate, rocky soil
Plymouth, Massachusetts founded in 1620 by Pilgrims for religious tolerance

3. COLONIAL ERA
Middle Colonies (New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware)
Fertile soil, milder climate, ideas of tolerance & quality
Pennsylvania founded in 1680 by William Penn

4. COLONIAL ERA
Southern colonies (Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia)
Warm climate, pleasant soil, farming and agriculture
Jamestown, VA founded in 1607
Georgia founded in 1733 as debtor’s colony

5. COLONIAL GOVERNMENTS
Mayflower Compact: Pilgrims pledged to obey law of colony
House of Burgesses: 1st representative government in colonies, Virginia 1619

6. COLONIAL GOVERNMENTS
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut: 1st written constitution in America
Representative Government: Citizens elect representatives

7. FRENCH & INDIAN WAR 1754-1763 George Washington gained prominence
England had more land to control
War costs plunged England into debt

8. FRENCH & INDIAN WAR
Proclamation of 1763: colonists could not settle beyond Appalachian Mountains
Treaty of Paris of 1763: ended French & Indian War; kicked French out of North America

9. REVOLUTIONARY ERA
George Washington: Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolution. 1st President of the U.S. His farewell address warned against foreign alliances & political parties.

10. REVOLUTIONARY ERA
Thomas Jefferson: Author of the Declaration of Independence 3rd President of the U.S.

11. REVOLUTIONARY ERA Benjamin Franklin: Publisher & inventor
Respected statesman who guided colonies toward independence
Convinced France to support America during Revolution

12. REVOLUTIONARY ERA
Samuel Adams: Patriot, member of the Sons of Liberty, organized Committees of Correspondence
Patrick Henry: Patriot, “Give me liberty or give me death!”

13. REVOLUTIONARY ERA
Thomas Paine: Author of Common Sense; convinced colonists to support the revolution against Britain
King George III: Ruler of Great Britain during the American Revolution

14. REVOLUTIONARY ERA
Abigail Adams: Wife of John Adams, famous for letters about women’s rights, “Remember the ladies”
Mercy Otis Warren: Writer who wrote plays, poems, and essays for independence from Britain

15. REVOLUTIONARY ERA
James Armistead: slave who enlisted as a Patriot spy; Marquis de Lafayette helped him earn his freedom
Crispus Attucks: former slave, 1st civilian shot at Boston massacre

16. REVOLUTIONARY ERA John Paul Jones: American Revolution naval hero
Haym Solomon: helped finance the Revolutionary War
Wentworth Cheswell: town leader, interested in the betterment of America

17. REVOLUTIONARY ERA
Marquis de Lafayette: French officer who helped train American soldiers to fight against British; secured the help of France during the war
Bernardo de Galvez: governor of Louisiana territory, helped U.S. buy Spanish weapons, gunpowder, and supplies

18. CAUSES OF REVOLUTION Proclamation of 1763
Colonies taxed to pay for French & Indian War
“No taxation without representation!”
Tax acts, including Stamp, Sugar, and Tea
Boston Massacre
Intolerable Acts

19. AMERICAN REVOLUTION
Lexington & Concord: 1st battle; “shot heard ‘round the world”
Battle of Saratoga: turning point; French entered war as allies to Patriots
Battle of Yorktown: British defeat that ended war
Treaty of Paris 1783: British recognized American independence

20. REVOLUTION ERA VOCAB Tariff: tax on imports & exports
Mercantilism: nation’s power depended on its wealth; “more money, more power”
Grievance: wrongdoing by England & King George
Tyranny: cruel & unjust government

21. REVOLUTIONARY ERA VOCAB
Loyalists: Americans who supported Great Britain
Patriots: Americans who favored independence from Britain
Declaration of Independence: written by Thomas Jefferson, lists grievances against King George lll
Unalienable rights: rights that cannot be taken away

22. ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
1st Constitution (1781)
1st form of government established by the 13 states
Replaced by the U.S. Constitution because it had a weak central government (no court system, no power to tax, no executive branch)

23. Influences of U.S. CONSTITUTION
Magna Carta 1215: limited the king’s powers; provided trial by jury English Bill of Rights 1687: cruel & unusual punishment forbidden, right to bear arms Declaration of Independence 1776:Unalienable rights of life, liberty, pursuit of happiness

24. U.S. CONSTITUTION FACTS
1787: delegates from 13 states drafted the Constitution in Philadelphia, PA
Delegates included: John Adams, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton who authored the Constitution

25. U.S. CONSTITUTION VOCAB
Preamble: introduction of the Constitution that states its purpose
Northwest Ordinance of 1787: established orderly expansion of western territory & way for states to join Union
Ratify: to approve

26. U.S. CONSTITUTION VOCAB
Federalist Papers: Essays written to encourage ratification of the Constitution. Authors included James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay.

27. CONSTITUTIONAL COMPROMISES
Great Compromise: Determined state representation in U.S. Congress: All states get 2 votes in Senate; number of seats in the House of Representatives depends on the state population.
Virginia and New Jersey Plans

28. CONSTITUTIONAL COMPROMISES
Three-Fifths Compromise: Slavery
Each slave counts as 3/5ths a person for taxation and representation

29. U.S. CONSTITUTION PRINCIPLES
Separation of Powers: divides powers of government into 3 branches – Legislative, Executive and Judicial
Federalism: Power is shared between states & national government
Republicanism: people vote to elect representatives to run government

30. U.S. CONSTITUTION PRINCIPLES
Individual Rights: basic liberties of all citizens guaranteed by Bill of Rights
Checks & Balances: no branch of government becomes too powerful
Limited Government: “No one is above the law”
Popular Sovereignty: People hold supreme power
Democracy: government that gives power to the people

31. BILL OF RIGHTS 1ST 10 amendments of the Constitution
Protects individual rights & liberties
Bill of Rights was necessary for some states to ratify the Constitution

32. COURT CASES
Marbury v. Madison (1803): established judicial review. The Supreme Court has the authority to decide whether a law is constitutional
McCullough v. Maryland: federal government overrides state governments

33. COURT CASES
Dred Scott v. Sanford: Scott, a slave, was considered property, not a citizen, and was not granted freedom
Gibbons v. Ogden: regulated interstate commerce, or trade between states

34. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Era of change from household industries to factory production using machines. Inventions include Cotton Gin, Steamboat
Urbanization: population moves from farms to cities
Protective Tariff: tax on goods from another country to promote American economy

35. CAUSES OF WAR OF 1812 Impressment of sailors
Britain interfered with U.S. trade
British attacked American ships
British encouraged Indians to attack Americans on the frontier

36. WAR OF 1812 British attack and set fire to Washington D.C.
Francis Scott Key writes The Star-Spangled Banner while watching battle of Fort McHenry in Baltimore
Andrew Jackson wins Battle of New Orleans

37. WAR OF 1812 OUTCOME
The MONROE DOCTRINE states the U.S. will not interfere with existing European colonies in the Americas but will fight any new ones.

38. JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY
Andrew Jackson was “Peoples’ President,” beginning of Democratic Party. He favored states’ rights and opposed a strong central government.

39. JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY
Indian Removal Act: policy that removed Cherokee from eastern homeland
Trail of Tears: forced removal of Cherokee from homes to resettle in Oklahoma
Bank of U.S. forced to close; government funds withdrawn

40. WESTWARD EXPANSION
Manifest Destiny: belief that the U.S. should expand from Atlantic to Pacific Oceans; land acquisition through the 1860s
Texas (1845), Mexican Cession (1848), Utah Territory (1850), Gadsden Purchase (1853), Oregon Territory (1859)

41. WESTWARD EXPANSION
Railroads encouraged settlement in the west and created thousands of jobs
Sectionalism: strong sense of loyalty to a state or section
Mormons: religious group that moved west and settle in Utah to escape religious persecution.

42. STATES’ RIGHTS
Belief in local government close to the people; each state should be able to decide issues for themselves
Plantation System: economic system where slaves provided labor necessary to plan & harvest cash crops
Nullification: idea that a state can declare a federal law illegal

43. NULLIFICATION CRISIS
Argument between South Carolina & federal government over role of national government
SC opposed high tariff started by federal govt.
SC claimed states had right to reject any law that was to state’s disadvantage
Federal govt. threatened to send in military
Henry Clay helped reach compromise

44. MISSOURI COMPROMISE
Maine enters U.S. as a free state; Missouri enters as a slave state
36/30 latitude line divided free and slave territories

45. COMPROMISE OF 1850 California admitted as a free state
Mexican Cession lands would decide slavery issue with popular sovereignty
Border set between Mexico & Texas
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

46. REFORMERS: Abolitionists
Harriet Tubman: conductor on the Underground Railroad
Frederick Douglas: influential speaker and writer
Sojourner Truth: spoke about her experiences as a slave

47. REFORMERS: Women’s Suffrage
Suffrage: women’s right to vote
Elizabeth Cady Stanton: worked for women’s rights; wrote Declaration of Sentiments
Susan B. Anthony: campaigned for women’s suffrage

48. REFORMERS Temperance: campaign against the sale or drinking of alcohol
Civil Disobedience: refusal to obey government law as a means of resistance

49. CIVIL WAR & RECONSTRUCTION
Civil War: War between the North & South from
North: President Abraham Lincoln, General Ulysses S. Grant
South: President Jefferson Davis, General Robert E. Lee

50. CIVIL WAR & RECONSTRUCTION
Causes included:
Sectionalism
Differences over slavery and states’ rights
Manufacturing vs. agricultural economies
Anti-slavery sentiment in North
Lincoln elected President in 1860

51. CIVIL WAR & RECONSTRUCTION
Lincoln: 1st Republican President whose election encouraged South to secede from Union.
He was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth while attending a play at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C. just 5 days after the end of the Civil War.

52. CIVIL WAR & RECONSTRUCTION
Lincoln’s speeches:
1st inaugural address: secession was illegal, he would not interfere with slavery where it already existed, South would be responsible for any war
2nd inaugural address: “with malice toward none…”
Gettysburg Address (1863): ”Government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth.”
Emancipation Proclamation (1863): Document declaring that all slaves were free

53. CIVIL WAR BATTLES
Fort Sumter: 1st battle began when Confederate forces attacked U.S. fort in South Carolina
Gettysburg: Lee’s only offensive battle in the North (Pennsylvania), turning point of war when Lee retreats back to the South

54. CIVIL WAR BATTLES
Vicksburg: Confederates surrender, giving the Union control of the Mississippi River; turning point of war.
Appomattox Court House: Lee surrenders to Grant, the Civil War ends

55. RECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTS
13th Amendment: Abolished slavery
14th Amendment: Made former slaves citizens and gave equal protection for all citizens
15th Amendment: African-American males are given the right to vote

56. ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
Free Enterprise System: people can conduct business free of government control
Subsistence Agriculture: farmer produces just enough to support himself & his family with nothing left for purchasing manufactured goods.

57. ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
Market-Oriented Agriculture: Goods are produced in mass quantities with intention of selling them
Cottage Industries: business that employs a large number of workers to produce goods in a factory

58. ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
Columbian Exchange: exchange of crops, animals, disease, and ideas of different cultures after Europeans landed in the Americas

59. ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
Immigration: Movement of people into a country from another country
Migration: Movement of persons from one location to another

60. IMPORTANT DATES
1607: 1st European settlement at Jamestown in North America
1620: Pilgrims land at Plymouth to escape religious persecution in England
1776: America declares independence from Britain

61. IMPORTANT DATES
1787: The Northwest Ordinance provided a method for admitting new states to the Union from the Northwest Territory

62. IMPORTANT DATES
1803: United States purchased from France the Louisiana Territory, land extending from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, doubling the size of the United States. President Thomas Jefferson sent Lewis & Clark to explore the new territory.

63. IMPORTANT DATES
: American Civil War, from the 1st shots fired at Ft. Sumter to the surrender of Confederate forces at Appomattox Court House.
For timeline:

64. YOU ARE STAAR READY!