1. NUR HIDAYAH OMAR SITI HAJAR ABU BAKAR ALIA ZULAIKHA MOHD HANIF NUR HIDAYAH OMAR SITI HAJAR ABU BAKAR ALIA ZULAIKHA MOHD HANIF

2. INTRODUCTION Membrane technology is of major importance in medical applications Used in drug delivery, artificial organs, tissue regeneration, diagnostic devices, as coatings for medical devices, bioseparations, etc. Delivery system is to deliver a drug to a specific site, in specific time and release pattern. Membrane technology is of major importance in medical applications Used in drug delivery, artificial organs, tissue regeneration, diagnostic devices, as coatings for medical devices, bioseparations, etc. Delivery system is to deliver a drug to a specific site, in specific time and release pattern.

3. Membrane –based system Membrane-based systems basically a drug reservoir is contained in a membrane device. Two types of systems can be distinguished: Osmotic membrane systems. Diffusion controlled membrane systems. Membrane-based systems basically a drug reservoir is contained in a membrane device. Two types of systems can be distinguished: Osmotic membrane systems. Diffusion controlled membrane systems.

4. Osmotic Membrane System Consists of a reservoir made of a polymeric membrane permeable to water but not to the drug (semi-permeable membrane). The reservoir contains a concentrated drug solution. As water crosses the membrane due to osmotic pressure, the drug solution is released through the orifice. Consists of a reservoir made of a polymeric membrane permeable to water but not to the drug (semi-permeable membrane). The reservoir contains a concentrated drug solution. As water crosses the membrane due to osmotic pressure, the drug solution is released through the orifice.

5. Diffusion Controlled Membrane System The drug release is controlled by transport of the drug across a membrane. The transport is dependent on the drug diffusivity through the membrane and the thickness of the membrane The membrane can be porous or non-porous and biodegradable or not. The drug release is controlled by transport of the drug across a membrane. The transport is dependent on the drug diffusivity through the membrane and the thickness of the membrane The membrane can be porous or non-porous and biodegradable or not.

6. LIPOSOME An artificially-prepared vesicles composed of a lipid bilayer. Used as a vehicle for administration of nutrients and pharmaceutical drugs. Composed of natural phospholipids, and contain mixed lipid chains with surfactant properties Liposomes vary in size due to their medication type like DNA, enzyme, drugs, and supplementation.

7. Targeted delivery Liposomes prepared from natural or synthetic phospholipids containing an encapsulated drug. This type of drug delivery reduces toxicity, maintains or enhances activity and facilitates accumulation in the disease site. Conventional liposornes that incorporate lipids enhancing circulation lifetimes. Delivery in these molecules improves access to the disease site and reduces interaction with phagocytic cells of the reticulo-endothelial system.

8. Conventional liposomes with lipids that enhance circulation lifetimes and have surface-associated targeting information. Drug delivery using this type of liposome results in an improved therapeutic index and target cell specific delivery. Examples; antibodies (glycolipids and mannose), proteins (e.g. Transferrin and asialofetuin), and vitamins (e.g. folic acid have been used to target specific cells via cell surface receptors Conventional liposomes with lipids that enhance circulation lifetimes and have surface-associated targeting information. Drug delivery using this type of liposome results in an improved therapeutic index and target cell specific delivery. Examples; antibodies (glycolipids and mannose), proteins (e.g. Transferrin and asialofetuin), and vitamins (e.g. folic acid have been used to target specific cells via cell surface receptors Fusogenic liposomes with DOPE or fusogenic proteins. This method allows intracellular drug delivery. DOPE has been particularly useful for cationic liposomes complexed with plasmid DNA for gene delivery. Fusogenic liposomes with DOPE or fusogenic proteins. This method allows intracellular drug delivery. DOPE has been particularly useful for cationic liposomes complexed with plasmid DNA for gene delivery.

9. Applications of Membrane System Pills The diffusion principle is applied to pills and tablets. The drug is pressed into tablet which is coated with a non-digestible hydrophilic membrane. Once this membrane gets hydrated, a viscous gel barrier is formed, through which the drug slowly diffuses. The release rate of the drug is determined by the type of membrane used

10. Implants consist of a membrane reservoir containing a drug in liquid or powder form The drug slowly diffuses through the semi- permeable membrane and the rate of diffusion depends on the characteristics of both the drug and membrane. The thickness of the membrane is constant to secure uniformity of drug delivery. Implants consist of a membrane reservoir containing a drug in liquid or powder form The drug slowly diffuses through the semi- permeable membrane and the rate of diffusion depends on the characteristics of both the drug and membrane. The thickness of the membrane is constant to secure uniformity of drug delivery.

11. If the membrane degrades, drug delivery should be accomplished prior to membrane degradation. If the membrane is made of non-degradable material, it should be surgically removed afterwards. A drawback of implants is the risk of membrane rupture resulting in drug-dumping: a sudden release of large amounts of drugs If the membrane degrades, drug delivery should be accomplished prior to membrane degradation. If the membrane is made of non-degradable material, it should be surgically removed afterwards. A drawback of implants is the risk of membrane rupture resulting in drug-dumping: a sudden release of large amounts of drugs

12. Patches Patches are broadly used in drug delivery. The most characteristic examples are ocular (eye) and transdermal patches. Ocular patches are typical membrane- controlled reservoir systems. The drug, accompanied by carriers, is captured in a thin layer between two transparent, polymer membranes, which control the rate of the drug release Patches Patches are broadly used in drug delivery. The most characteristic examples are ocular (eye) and transdermal patches. Ocular patches are typical membrane- controlled reservoir systems. The drug, accompanied by carriers, is captured in a thin layer between two transparent, polymer membranes, which control the rate of the drug release

13. An annular white-coloured border is surrounding the reservoir for handling of the device. The device is placed on the eye, where it floats on the tear film. Through diffusion, the drug is directly administered to the target area. An annular white-coloured border is surrounding the reservoir for handling of the device. The device is placed on the eye, where it floats on the tear film. Through diffusion, the drug is directly administered to the target area.