1. Learners with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Chapter 5 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Copyright © Pearson Allyn & Bacon 2009

2. Topics Definition Prevalence Causes Identification Psychological and behavioral characteristics

3. Copyright © Pearson Allyn & Bacon 2009 Topics (cont’d) Educational considerations Assessment of progress Early intervention Transition to adulthood

4. Copyright © Pearson Allyn & Bacon 2009 Definition Reasons for caution  Concern about misdiagnosis of ethnic minorities  Possible stigma associated with the diagnosis  Belief that intellectual disability is a socially constructed condition

5. Copyright © Pearson Allyn & Bacon 2009 Definition (cont’d) The AAMR definition  Five assumptions of AAMR Limitations considered in context of community environment Use of valid assessment Individuals have limitations and strengths Descriptions used to develop a profile of needed supports With support over time, life functioning will generally improve

6. Copyright © Pearson Allyn & Bacon 2009 Definition (cont’d) The AAMR definition (cont’d)  Adaptive behavior  People with intellectual disabilities can improve

7. Copyright © Pearson Allyn & Bacon 2009 Definition (cont’d) Classification of intellectual disabilities  American Psychological Association’s severity model Mild (IQ 50 to 70) Moderate (IQ 35 to 50) Severe (IQ 20 to 35) Profound (IQ 20 and less)

8. Copyright © Pearson Allyn & Bacon 2009 Prevalence There is a discrepancy between statistical estimates of 2.27 percent of the school-age population and that of 1.0 percent actually identified Discrepancy may be due to consideration of adaptive behavior and classification as learning disabled for those with higher IQs

9. Copyright © Pearson Allyn & Bacon 2009 Theoretical distribution of IQ scores based on normal curve Fig. 5.1

10. Copyright © Pearson Allyn & Bacon 2009 Causes Prenatal causes (before birth)  Chromosomal disorders Down syndrome Williams syndrome Fragile X syndrome Prader-Willi syndrome Inborn errors of metabolism Developmental disorders of brain formation Environmental influences

11. Copyright © Pearson Allyn & Bacon 2009 Causes (cont’d) Perinatal causes (at the time of birth)  Anoxia  Low birth weight  Infections passed from mother Postnatal causes (after birth)  Biological postnatal causes  Psychosocial postnatal causes

12. Copyright © Pearson Allyn & Bacon 2009 Identification Intelligence tests  IQ tests for children (WISC-IV)  Cautions in using and interpreting IQ tests Adaptive behavior skills  Parent or teacher answer questions concerning the ability of student to perform adaptive skills

13. Copyright © Pearson Allyn & Bacon 2009 Psychological and Behavioral Characteristics Specific learning problems  Working memory  Language development  Self-regulation (metacognition)  Social development  Motivation (learned helplessness) Linking genetic syndromes to particular behavioral phenotypes

14. Copyright © Pearson Allyn & Bacon 2009 Educational Considerations Functional academics Systematic instruction  Constant time delay  Progressive time delay Instruction in real-life settings with real materials

15. Copyright © Pearson Allyn & Bacon 2009 Educational Considerations (cont’d) Functional behavioral assessment (FBA) and positive behavioral intervention and support (PBIS) Service delivery models

16. Copyright © Pearson Allyn & Bacon 2009 Assessment of Progress Progress monitoring of academic skills  Curriculum-based measurement (CBM) Progress monitoring of adaptive behavior skills

17. Copyright © Pearson Allyn & Bacon 2009 Assessment of Progress (cont’d) Outcome measures  Academic skills  Adaptive behavior skills  Quality of life skills Testing accommodations and alternate assessments

18. Copyright © Pearson Allyn & Bacon 2009 Early Intervention Early childhood programs designed for prevention Early childhood programs designed to further development

19. Copyright © Pearson Allyn & Bacon 2009 Transition to Adulthood Self-determination  Person-centered planning Community adjustment Employment  Sheltered workshops  Supported competitive employment Prospects for the future