1. University of California Santa Barbara 1 Future Optical Networks: Impact of Silicon Photonics John E. Bowers University of California, Santa Barbara

2. University of California Santa Barbara 2 Where is Silicon Photonics Heading? Integration with CMOS electronics > 100,000 electronic and photonic devices/die Redundant elements Self testing, flexible, software controlled IO formats High yield, High reliability Laser, amplifier, modulator, photodetectors, delay lines, AWGs on chip Silicon Evanescent Laser Silicon Evanescent Amplifier PDs

3. University of California Santa Barbara 3 What does VLSI Photonics Require? > 100,000 electronic and photonic devices/die CMOS Integration Redundancy Self testing, flexible, software controlled IO formats High yield High reliability Laser, amplifier, modulator, photodetectors, low loss delay lines, optical buffers, AWGs on chip Suppose Silicon Photonics is able to do this by 2008. What is the impact in 2010-2015?

4. University of California Santa Barbara 4 Cost 6” wafer has 73,000 0.5 mm sized die sites. Cost per laser: < $0.01 PICs: Laser size: 10x100 microns. Cost per laser: $0.00002 This is just like estimating the cost of transistors. They are free. Only the PIC cost matters. Lasers, modulators, photodetectors will be free.

5. University of California Santa Barbara 5 PIC Cost CMOS die cost: $1/cm 2 Hybrid silicon evanescent PIC cost: $2/cm 2 PICs with interface and drive electronics, and tens of lasers, modulators and PDs cost <$1. Example: Silicon DWDM Transmitter

6. University of California Santa Barbara 6 Future Optical Networks Transceivers will be cheap and ubiquitous; hence the network must scale to millions or more transceivers. Transmitters and receivers will adapt to the channel characteristics. Data rates will self adjust depending on the channel quality. Networks will be reconfigurable and adaptable. Challenge: How to make use of billions of elements on the network. How to make silicon PICs for a penny a PIC.