1. Diving from the Bridge – an Action Research project on active student engagement in Bosnia Juliet Millican Cupp University of Brighton

2. Key issues for discussion The importance of context in adapting and transferring pedagogic approaches and in making sense of research findings The difficulty of combining a participatory action research project with a piece of accredited academic study

3. Student Community Engagement Involvement of the university with its local community for mutual benefit, of community groups, academic staff and students

4. The Bosnian Context Still ‘post conflict’ more then ten years after the war Weak civil society with low local participation and ownership An imposed democracy, no culture of involvement High unemployment, low aspirations and a very passive student population ‘Missing generation’ of professionals, older professors with young teaching assistants keen to develop practice

5. Background is Foreground (Stephens 2007) Contextual levels: Cultural, National, Regional Global (Crossley and Watson, 2003: 16)

6. Education is always political, educators and students should become ‘transformative intellectuals’ (Giroux 1998) ‘cultural workers’ (Freire 1998) capable of identifying and redressing the injustices, inequalities and myths of an often oppressive world. (Gruenewald 2003) Freire (1970) ‘People as beings in a situation find themselves rooted in temporal-spatial conditions which mark them and which they also mark, They will tend to reflect on their own ‘situationality’ to the extent that they are challenged by it to act upon it. Human beings are because they are in a situation. And they will be more the more they not only critically reflect upon their existence but critically act upon it. (p90).

7. Assumptions Students would be interested in doing something for their local communities ( Ignatief,1993 post WWII ) Communities will welcome the input of local students (Brighton 2008) Universities should be concerned with self knowledge as well as knowledge about the world (Bourner 1998) Faculty would recognise the value of practitioner and experiential knowledge (Taylor and Fransen 2003)

8. Participatory Action Research Principles : Participation, Reflection, Linking of theory to practice, Solutions to issues of concern Flourishing of individuals and communities, Reason and Bradbury 2001:4 subject to constraints imposed by academic convention unable to be entirely responsive to process of action/ reflection. needed strong involvement from local teachers, but ultimately not owned by them. responsibility for writing up lay with a single author

9. Co-operative enquiry Heron and Reason (2000) 1 st stage of hypothesis or propositional knowing. 2 nd action phase of testing out original ideas, resulting in a phase of practical knowing. 3 rd stage, transfers ownership to co-researchers, involves experiential knowing. 4 th stage brings in reflection on experiences and data collected and a reframing of the original principles to context in which they are based. A negotiated process, beginning with propositions developed in another context (in this case Brighton) bringing these into a practical action phase (in this case a workshop in Mostar) and encouraging lecturers there to use them in their own way through their own teaching, seemed the only way to truly reflect on their relevance.

10. Action Research project over 2 years (participatory? collaborative?) Worked with tutors and students in Drama Pedagogy: workshops in a local orphanage Engineering: design of prosthesis for disabled people English Literature: writing text for voluntary organisations English Language: teaching in a local primary school German Language: working with local tour guides Fine Arts: running arts workshops with special needs children and developing logos for voluntary organisations

11. Research Questions 1.What is the role of Higher Education in a post conflict context? 2. How far can SCE contribute to bridging social capital, participation in democratic processes, learning and work

12. Adapting existing curricula New pedagogical approaches, Similar specified learning outcomes, Experimental methods of assessment through Reflection Practical project Written Exams

13. Conclusions Processes of reflection to be used by students became part of tutor research Light touch collaborative research, handed over responsibility for design and identification of project to tutors Unstructured interviews led to open responses and shared freedom for research issues and project design BUT crucial questions unanswered at the end of the research period

14. Svijet u kojem živimo se mijenja (students with community in co-operation)