1. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology and Its Environmental Benefits Wendy Estela PACE university school of law November 29, 2001

2. What Is a “Fuel Cell?” Electrochemical energy conversion device Similar to a battery Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell

3. How Does a Fuel Cell Work? Electrochemical reaction Anodic reaction H 2  2H + + 2e - Cathodic reaction 2H + + ½O 2 + 2e -  H 2 O Excess water removed H 2 + ½o 2  h 2 o

4. Environmental Benefits Water is the only byproduct No “greenhouse” emissions Potential for “zero pollution” Minimal noise pollution

5. Compared to Internal Combustion Engine Efficiency –The Carnot cycle Maximum efficiency = (T 1 -T 2 ) / T 1 Environmental Effects from Internal Combustion Engine

6. Hydrogen: The Energy of the Future Why hydrogen? 80% of the universe is made up of hydrogen Environmental Benefits Economics (cost of oil production) Energy Security Supply

7. Hydrogen Cycle

8. What Remains to Be Done? Building an infrastructure –Production –Distribution –Storage Safety considerations Regulation Successful marketing

9. Fuel Cell Stack --Automotive Application

10. Fuel Cells in Transportation GM Fuel Cell Motor

11. BMW Fuel Cell Vehicle

12. Fuel Cell Forklift

13. Fuel Cell Taxi--London

14. Fuel Cell Bus Engine

15. The Future