1. CO 2 as a Fuel Feedstock John L. McCormick Energy Policy Center

2. “I do not come to bury CO 2, I come to prize it.”

4. Black line shows the annual figure Red line shows the trend over the full 33 years Blue lines show the varying rate of the trend over 10 year periods

7. Arctic Sea Ice Melt Record 1979-2008

9. CO 2 CONCENTRATION MEASURED AT MAUNA LOA TO 2007 WITH PROJECTED INCREASE TO 2020 USING ANNUAL GROWTH RATE OF 1.95 PPM/YR

10. 1970 – 1979: 1.3 ppm/y 1980 – 1989: 1.6 ppm/y 1990 – 1999: 1.5 ppm/y 2000 – 2007: 2.0 ppm/y 2007: 2.2 ppm /y Year 2007 Atmospheric CO 2 concentration: ≈ 383 ppm 37% above pre-industrial Data Source: Pieter Tans and Thomas Conway, NOAA/ESRL Atmospheric CO 2 Concentration

12. Volume of 15 States’ CO 2 Liquid phase: Liquid density (at -20 °C (or -4 °F) and 19.7 bar) : 1032 kg/m3 0.348 Cubic Miles Gaseous phase: Gas density (1.013 bar and 15 °C (59 °F)) : 1.87 kg/m3 192 Cubic Miles

13. CO 2 STATIONARY SOURCES (Metric Tons) CO 2 STATIONARY SOURCES (Metric Tons)

15. Add A Dash Of Gas Pipelines

17. CO 2 SEQUESTRATION SITES

18. SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES MASSACHUSETTS ET AL. v. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY No. 05–1120. Argued November 29, 2006—Decided April 2, 2007 “EPA does not dispute the existence of a causal connection between man-made greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. At a minimum, therefore, EPA’s refusal to regulate such emissions “contributes” to Massachusetts’ injuries.” “§202(a)(1) of the Clean Air Act authorizes EPA to regulate greenhouse gas emissions from new motor vehicles in the event that it forms a “judgment” that such emissions contribute to climate change. We have little trouble concluding that it does. “ “EPA has offered no reasoned explanation for its refusal to decide whether greenhouse gases cause or contribute to climate change. Its action was therefore “arbitrary, capricious,... or otherwise not in accordance with law.”

20. 2004200520062007 Oil Supply OECD United States 8.708.328.338.46 Other OECD 14.1113.5613.2613.00 Total OECD 22.8121.8821.5921.46 Non-OECD OPEC 34.4536.0935.8335.42 Former U.S.S.R. 11.3411.7712.1512.60 Other Non-OECD 14.5014.8414.9714.96 Total Non-OECD 60.2962.7062.9662.98 Total World Supply 83.1084.5884.5484.44 Petroleum (Oil) Demand OECD United States 20.7320.8020.6920.68 Other OECD 28.7029.0328.8928.46 Total OECD 49.4449.8349.5749.14 Non-OECD China 6.446.727.207.58 Former U.S.S.R. 4.044.074.214.28 Other Non-OECD 22.4923.2023.9724.75 Total Non-OECD 32.9733.9935.3736.60 Total World Demand 82.4183.8284.9585.75

21. An Oxy-fired Coal Plant and FTS With H and O 2 Supplied From HTR-driven Water Splitting

22. Candidate nuclear heat sources: Advanced Light Water Reactors - Supercritical Water-Cooled Reactor (SCWR) - Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor (APWR) - Simplified Boiling Water Reactor (SBWR) Advanced Liquid-metal-Cooled Reactors - Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor (SFR) - Pb/Pb-Bi Cooled Fast Reactor (LFR) Advanced Gas-Cooled Reactors - Advanced Gas Turbine Modular Helium Reactor (AGMHR) - Pebble bed Modular Helium Reactor (PB HTGR) - Advanced Gas Reactor (AGR) - Gas Fast Reactor (GFR) Advanced High-Temp. Reactor (AHTR)

23. Reactor Technology Candidates for H 2 Production Reactor Technology Candidates for H 2 Production Reactor Technology T outlet ( o C)η th (%) Super Critical Water Reactor 400 - 60047 - 51 Advanced High Temp Reactor 750 - 1000NE Supercritical CO 2 Cycle 650 - 75038 - 45 Helium Gas Cooled Reactor 850 - 95045 - 48 Advanced Light Water Reactor 285 - 32032 - 34 Yildiz & Kazimi, MIT-NES-TR-001, Sept. 2003

24. Comparison of thermal-to-hydrogen efficiencies of HTSE and SI processes as a function of temperature Comparison of thermal-to-hydrogen efficiencies of HTSE and SI processes as a function of temperature Yildiz & Kazimi, MIT-NES-TR-001, Sept. 2003 T outlet ( o C)

25. Oxy-combustion Scheme

26. Vattenfall ’ s 30 MW Oxy-combustion Test Facility at the Schwarze Pumpe Power Plant in Germany

27. REVERSE WATER GAS SHIFT CO 2 + H 2 = CO + H 2 O We know the chemistry. At proposed throughput rate, mechanics and economics are unknown.

28. From Veld to Factory The location of Sasol’s huge new factory, Secunda Sasol Synfuels complex, Units 2 & 3 – Secunda South Africa 2007 Production: approx. 160,000 bbl/day

29. Progress Energy ’ s Crystal River FL Plant 2442 MW Coal; 890 MW Nuclear Unit 1: 440 MW Coal-fired (on line 1966)

30. Coal Gasification and FTS Reliant upon H 2 Provided by HTR Driven HTSE or SI

31. “I believe that water will one day be employed as fuel, that hydrogen and oxygen which constitute it, used singly or together, will furnish an inexhaustible source of heat and light, of an intensity of which coal is not capable.” Jules Verne, The Mysterious Island (1874)

32. Borrowing a note of commercial optimism: ‘We can do it. You can help.’