2. -Review of Retinal Physiology -Seeing Edges with the Retina -Retinal Implants

3. Review of the Retina -Photoreceptors -Rods -Cones -Bipolar Cells -Ganglion Cells -Optic Nerve

5. Receptive Fields of Bipolar Cells Center Surround Receptive Fields On-Center Off-Surround Off-Center On-Surround This example leaves out horizontal cells, which serve as lateral connections between receptors and bipolar cells In this model the sum of excitation and inhibition in each receptive field adds to zero, so as to have no charge when not on an edge in the visual field

6. Convolution Array of Ganglion Cells In the convolution array of the bipolar cells, each cell is connected to the receptor cell directly above it as well as the cells directly surrounding that receptor cell The charge of the cell in the convolution array is affected by the sum of the excitation and inhibition in the receptive field above it

7. Edges and Receptive Fields Receptive Fields not on an edge have zero excitation due to sum of center and surround cancelling out However, receptive fields on the edge of the image get a non-zero charge due to different light gradients on either side of the receptive field

8. Zero Crossing & the AND Detector Zero Crossing on edge due to two different charges on each side It is hypothesized that there is a specific AND detector that looks for this zero crossing to see edges

9. How Off-Center On- Surround Receptive Fields Help Corresponding Off-Center On-Surround Receptive Field for every On-Center Off-Surround field With no negative charge in visual cells, AND cells look for charge in both kinds of receptive feilds

10. Summary By looking for charge in receptive fields of receptor cells, cells in the convolution array are able to see edges in our visual field Since visual neurons can’t have negative charges, in order to see edges on receptive fields that have more inhibition than excitation, off-center on-surround receptive fields are also present to provide positive charge in these places Thusly edges are detected in our visual field on the convolution array of the bipolar cells where corresponding receptive fields of the receptor cells provide charge unequal to zero

11. Note As said in the book, this model for edge detection is highly simplified as to make it easier to understand

13. Epiretinal Implants

14. Subretinal Implants

15. Sachs, H.G., V.P. Gabel, “Retinal replacement—the development of microelectronic retinal prostheses— experience with subretinal implants and new aspects” Springer-Verlag 2004 Frisby, John P., & James V. Stone, Seeing, 2 nd ed. MIT Press, Cambridge, 2010