1. Ch. 14 The Olympic Games By Darlene Kluka in Women in Sport Notes by N. Bailey

2. The Olympic Movement: Toward Global Understanding And Acceptance And Acceptance Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded modern Olympics in 1894 in Paris Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded modern Olympics in 1894 in Paris No women No women To encourage better understanding among nations through sport, art, education, culture To encourage better understanding among nations through sport, art, education, culture The ancient Greek ideals: harmonious excellence: physical, moral, cultural, artistic The ancient Greek ideals: harmonious excellence: physical, moral, cultural, artistic

3. Overview of the Chapter Topics Covered: Topics Covered: History of participation History of participation Performance enhancement drugs Performance enhancement drugs Governance Governance Global understanding and acceptance Global understanding and acceptance

4. Early Summer Games 1900-1928 IOC controlled the program in 1896 IOC controlled the program in 1896 Program for white male amateurs Program for white male amateurs Members represented the IOC Members represented the IOC Apolitical – all men Apolitical – all men Melpomene, One who also ran in the 1896 games: 4 hours, 30 minutes Melpomene, One who also ran in the 1896 games: 4 hours, 30 minutes

5. Organizing Committees Ran the events & established rules Ran the events & established rules IOC no longer controlled events IOC no longer controlled events Next four organizing committees permitted women to participate: 1900 golf, tennis; 1904 archery; 1908 added skating, tennis, archery & demonstrations in aquatics & gymnastics Next four organizing committees permitted women to participate: 1900 golf, tennis; 1904 archery; 1908 added skating, tennis, archery & demonstrations in aquatics & gymnastics

6. After Stockholm in 1912 IOC took over control of events IOC took over control of events Dropped women’s sports that weren’t universally popular Dropped women’s sports that weren’t universally popular In Europe women were refused membership in the Sports Federations In Europe women were refused membership in the Sports Federations Women’s sports clubs organized in France Women’s sports clubs organized in France Track & field. Track & field.

7. 1920 games IOC refusal to permit women in all venues IOC refusal to permit women in all venues Women organized their own track and field Olympic Games in 1922 Women organized their own track and field Olympic Games in 1922 65 women from 5 countries in 11 events 65 women from 5 countries in 11 events 20,000 spectators 20,000 spectators 18 world records 18 world records READ p. 259, Alice Milliat founder FSFI READ p. 259, Alice Milliat founder FSFI

8. IOC Outraged! How dare those women do that How dare those women do that In order to control somewhat, IOC directs International Amateur Athletic Federation to govern international competition for women In order to control somewhat, IOC directs International Amateur Athletic Federation to govern international competition for women IOC waffled on women participating IOC waffled on women participating By 1924 industrialized countries had track and field for women. Women controlled By 1924 industrialized countries had track and field for women. Women controlled

9. Physicians Worried High level training bad for women: ruin health; masculinizes women; leads to sterility High level training bad for women: ruin health; masculinizes women; leads to sterility Competition detracted from femininity Competition detracted from femininity Spectators might have questionable motives Spectators might have questionable motives Women might be viewed as sex objects Women might be viewed as sex objects

10. International Sport Federations Supported women’s participation in sport Supported women’s participation in sport 1924 Paris: Women’s fencing, tennis, swimming 1924 Paris: Women’s fencing, tennis, swimming The press: “muscle molls, muscle-bound, manly dames” re: fencing & tennis The press: “muscle molls, muscle-bound, manly dames” re: fencing & tennis “graceful, feminine, feathered” re: swimmeres “graceful, feminine, feathered” re: swimmeres

11. Summer Games (1928 –48) 1928 – first official track & field for women in Amsterdam 1928 – first official track & field for women in Amsterdam 100 meters, 800 meters, high jump, discus, 4 x 100 meter relay 100 meters, 800 meters, high jump, discus, 4 x 100 meter relay Ill fated 800 meters: 6 of 9 women collapsed; three carried off Ill fated 800 meters: 6 of 9 women collapsed; three carried off 40 years for 800 meters to be reinstated 40 years for 800 meters to be reinstated Never mind that Finnish man collapsed Never mind that Finnish man collapsed

12. 1932 LA Games Notable women & 4 new world records Notable women & 4 new world records Attendance 60,000; 1.25 million overall Attendance 60,000; 1.25 million overall Radio and press coverage best ever Radio and press coverage best ever Babe Didrickson & three other women set records Babe Didrickson & three other women set records

13. 1936 Berlin Games Germany had withdrawn from the League of Nations Germany had withdrawn from the League of Nations Used Olympics to show case white male supremacy Used Olympics to show case white male supremacy Jews were barred from German team Jews were barred from German team

14. Summer Games (1948 – present) Post war games held in London Post war games held in London First woman to win a gold won 4 gold medals First woman to win a gold won 4 gold medals Was a mother of two children Was a mother of two children

15. 1952 Helsinki Avery Brundage tried to make Olympics apolitical Avery Brundage tried to make Olympics apolitical Cold war: Communist Bloc countries saw advantage to support women for winning medals Cold war: Communist Bloc countries saw advantage to support women for winning medals Supremacy through victory in sport grew Supremacy through victory in sport grew Newspaper counted the medals: Soviets winning made big news Newspaper counted the medals: Soviets winning made big news

16. 1956 Melbourne Women’s swimming sold out before the games began Women’s swimming sold out before the games began READ Wilma Rudolph, p. 263 READ Wilma Rudolph, p. 263

17. 1960 Rome Rivalries between women surfaced Rivalries between women surfaced 800 meters returned 800 meters returned Soviet woman won: 2:04.5 Soviet woman won: 2:04.5

18. 1964 Tokyo Women became newsworthy for the first time Women became newsworthy for the first time Dawn Fraser, Australian, a controversial woman Dawn Fraser, Australian, a controversial woman The symbol for women in the games: talent + mischief! The symbol for women in the games: talent + mischief!

19. 1968 Mexico City Political turmoil Political turmoil Prior to opening ceremonies protesters killed in the streets Prior to opening ceremonies protesters killed in the streets Protesting poor country spending a fortune on the games Protesting poor country spending a fortune on the games American male track athletes protested differential treatment of African Americans in the U.S. as well as in Africa American male track athletes protested differential treatment of African Americans in the U.S. as well as in Africa

20. Women Made News In 1968 Woman Mexican hurdler carried the Olympic torch into the stadium. In 1968 Woman Mexican hurdler carried the Olympic torch into the stadium. A first! A first! Woman Czech gymnast hid in the mountains preparing for the games: feared reprisal for political act of protest. Won 4 gold medals (signed manifesto against Russian aggression on Czechs) Woman Czech gymnast hid in the mountains preparing for the games: feared reprisal for political act of protest. Won 4 gold medals (signed manifesto against Russian aggression on Czechs)

21. 1972 Germany Germans tried for the biggest, most expensive, most exciting Germans tried for the biggest, most expensive, most exciting What they got: tragedy What they got: tragedy Games remembered for 8 Arab terrorists killing 2 Israel team members & took 9 hostages; 5 terrorists, + hostages + 1 police officer were killed Games remembered for 8 Arab terrorists killing 2 Israel team members & took 9 hostages; 5 terrorists, + hostages + 1 police officer were killed

22. 1976 Montreal Africa boycotted Africa boycotted East German women did great East German women did great

23. 1980 Moscow Soviets had invaded Afghanistan prior to the games – only 81 countries attended Soviets had invaded Afghanistan prior to the games – only 81 countries attended Boycotting: U.S., Canada, West Germany, Japan, Kenya, Norway, Israel, Turkey Boycotting: U.S., Canada, West Germany, Japan, Kenya, Norway, Israel, Turkey Political climate woven into the Olympic fabric Political climate woven into the Olympic fabric

24. 1984-1988-1992: LA, Seoul, Barcelona More nations competing, so more women More nations competing, so more women Joan Benoit & official marathon: 2:24;52 Joan Benoit & official marathon: 2:24;52 Jackie Joyner competed Jackie Joyner competed Zola Budd & Mary Decker controversy Zola Budd & Mary Decker controversy Cheryl Miller, Mary Lou Retton, Valarie Brisco-Hooks & Evelyn Ashford Cheryl Miller, Mary Lou Retton, Valarie Brisco-Hooks & Evelyn Ashford READ p.266 1 st Islamic Games woman READ p.266 1 st Islamic Games woman

25. 1996 Atlanta 35 countries had no women (Islamic countries) 35 countries had no women (Islamic countries) Germans asked IOC to ban those countries that discriminated against women Germans asked IOC to ban those countries that discriminated against women “gender apartheid” after South Africa’s racial apartheid “gender apartheid” after South Africa’s racial apartheid South Africa had been barred South Africa had been barred

26. 2000 Salt Lake Goal: equal participation between men and women. Goal: equal participation between men and women. We will see We will see

27. Performance Enhancing Substances Faster, higher, stronger = Olympic creed Faster, higher, stronger = Olympic creed Men in the 3 rd century used herbs Men in the 3 rd century used herbs 1960 Danish cyclist died of drug 1960 Danish cyclist died of drug 1963 IOC – Medical Commission established & listed prohibited drugs 1963 IOC – Medical Commission established & listed prohibited drugs 1966 Gender verification 1966 Gender verification 1968 First drug testing; 2000 reversed sex test policy 1968 First drug testing; 2000 reversed sex test policy

28. East German Officials Sued Trial continues into 2001 Trial continues into 2001 Between 1974 & 1989 German sport officials administered a state sponsored doping program on the women Between 1974 & 1989 German sport officials administered a state sponsored doping program on the women Sentence potentially: 10 years Sentence potentially: 10 years

29. Governance 1997- 1995 Women executive directors of organizing committees comprised 8.5% - 15.8% 1997- 1995 Women executive directors of organizing committees comprised 8.5% - 15.8% Women Presidents: 3.6 to 7.9% Women Presidents: 3.6 to 7.9% Presently 14 of 113 IOC members are women Presently 14 of 113 IOC members are women IOC adopted goals in 1996: equality in 2001 IOC adopted goals in 1996: equality in 2001

30. IOC Sponsored Women’s Conference World Conference on Women and Sport in 1996 World Conference on Women and Sport in 1996 March 2000 in Paris March 2000 in Paris That is progress! That is progress! READ p. 274 READ p. 274

31. Olympic Solidarity Programs Technical assistance and training grants Technical assistance and training grants Some women were included Some women were included Rumor: Muslim countries applied for and received $ for training women; didn’t spend it for that Rumor: Muslim countries applied for and received $ for training women; didn’t spend it for that One world trophy & 5 continental trophies for contributions to women’s participation in sport One world trophy & 5 continental trophies for contributions to women’s participation in sport

32. Global Understanding & Acceptance Vast differences of the place of women in various societies around the world Vast differences of the place of women in various societies around the world Systematic hared and devaluing of women and a patriarchal system well entrenched in many countries Systematic hared and devaluing of women and a patriarchal system well entrenched in many countries

33. What Will It Tae To Get There? The next generation of athletes and administrators: The next generation of athletes and administrators: Know our history Know our history Create a fair environment Create a fair environment

34. That’s All Folks The End. The End.