1. s Siemens Building Technologies Fire Safety 1 Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels Dublin, May 6th 2004 Customized Fire Safety Concept for Underground Transportation Facilities Dr. Peter Stahl Siemens Building Technologies AG Fire Safety

2. s Siemens Building Technologies Fire Safety 2 Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels Dublin, May 6th 2004 Critical Key Factors on Personal Safety in Road Tunnels non controllable fires are representing the highest risk probability  wide range of potential damage as a consequence severe damage to people and killed people huge damage on tunnel infrastructure long shut down periods (toll tunnels)

3. s Siemens Building Technologies Fire Safety 3 Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels Dublin, May 6th 2004 Key Factors on Damage to People focus on people close to the fire zone and on fire brigades approaching the fire zone lack of fire detection and alarming systems toxic fire gases immense formation of heat: radiation and convection strongly limited visibility lack of escape routes lack of evacuation systems: visible and acoustic panic or passive reaction of people close to the fire zone

4. s Siemens Building Technologies Fire Safety 4 Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels Dublin, May 6th 2004 Thermal Heat Caused by Fires in Road Tunnels 5 MW 2 m 2 fuel 15 Min 20 MW 8 m 2 fuel 20..60 Min 20 m 3 /s smoke60 m 3 /s smoke Standard Fire

5. s Siemens Building Technologies Fire Safety 5 Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels Dublin, May 6th 2004 Heat Distribution Caused by Tunnel Fires direct approach to the fire without any controlled intervention almost impossible 1000 800 600 400 200 0 50100150- 150 - 100 - 50 distance from fire core [m] temperature [°C] truck bus motor car (plastic body) motor car

6. s Siemens Building Technologies Fire Safety 6 Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels Dublin, May 6th 2004 Smoke Formation in Tunnels combustible: 20 l gasoline + 5 l gas oil distance to camera: 60 m wind speed:  1,5 m/s (towards camera)

7. s Siemens Building Technologies Fire Safety 7 Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels Dublin, May 6th 2004 Fire Development in a Tunnel: e.g. Road Tunnel flash over to neighbourhood car as critical key factor full scale dire of a car after approx. 10-15 min full scale fire of a truck after approx. 20-60 min available time to for any intervention is strongly limited ! alarming and closing of tunnel for further new traffic information and evacuation of people close to the risk zone activation of active fire protection or controlled ventilation systems approaching the fire core by the fire brigades

8. s Siemens Building Technologies Fire Safety 8 Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels Dublin, May 6th 2004 Fire Protection in Tunnels Needs an Overall Concept structural and organisational measures are first important steps of such a concept  cooling of the risk zone as key issue personal safety as first priority of the fire protection concept –reduction of the temperatures in the risk zone –increasing the visibility in the risk zone: key to escape and to approach protection of the tunnel infrastructure –temperature reduction of the concrete elements below 100°C protection from hazadorous scenario –temperature reduction in the risk zone to avoid flash over from one vehicle to another

9. s Siemens Building Technologies Fire Safety 9 Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels Dublin, May 6th 2004 Siemens Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels: e.g. Road Tunnel early warning by fire detection using video cameras –early pre-alarm –control station: focus of video cameras to the potential risk zone –activation of first traffic control measures fast localisation of the fire within 2-4 m without any influence by the tunnel wind within latest 3 min after start of the fire –alarming –visual verification –activation of alarm management procedures activation of active intervention system –Preferable solution:water spray system

10. s Siemens Building Technologies Fire Safety 10 Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels Dublin, May 6th 2004 Video Traffic event detection Smoke event detection ! 123456 Danger of life in cars involved in accident Risk Open car fire Time [min] Automatic extinguishing release Start of fire fighting by the fire brigade Development towards a possible disaster ! Danger of life in cars not involved in accident Heavy damages on tunnel infrastructure 10... 30 Warning Fire Detection In developpement

11. s Siemens Building Technologies Fire Safety 11 Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels Dublin, May 6th 2004 Fire Extinguishing in Road Tunnels: The Key Objectives first priority on personal safety:people in the risk zone approaching fire brigades  a tunnel fire can not be fully extinguished but, fully controlled reduction of fire intensity at the fire core to avoid flash over from one vehicel to another temperature reduction of the toxic fire gases at the end of a 30 m risk zone below 50°C scrubbing effect on fire gases to increase visibility

12. s Siemens Building Technologies Fire Safety 12 Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels Dublin, May 6th 2004 Siemens Fire Extinguishing Concept for Road Tunnels use of the automatic CerSpray extinguishing system with optimised droplet spectrum for fire in road tunnels  no influence of wind speed until 10 m/s 30 m sector 30 m sector 30 m sector fire alarm localisation 30 m sector 30 m risk zone 90 m protection zone automatic CerSpray tunnel extinguishing system

13. s Siemens Building Technologies Fire Safety 13 Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels Dublin, May 6th 2004 FibroLaser II: The Optimum Fire Detection System for Tunnels localisation of the fire within 1-3 m and 2-3 minutes up to high wind speeds of 10 m/s without having the risk of false alarms FibroLaser II cable wind fire development reaction zone free jet plume mixture of burning material air heat exchange to the cable (radiation, convection) transient heat conduction radiation

14. s Siemens Building Technologies Fire Safety 14 Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels Dublin, May 6th 2004 FibroLaser II: The Detection Cable production up to 4 km cable length without any problem

15. s Siemens Building Technologies Fire Safety 15 Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels Dublin, May 6th 2004 Use of Physical Back-Scattering Effect in Glass Fibres core laser source detector for back scattering mechanical stress heat changes

16. s Siemens Building Technologies Fire Safety 16 Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels Dublin, May 6th 2004 Basic Physical Effect: Raman Scattering stokes line  nm  1020 980 940 anti stokes line original laser light Intensity spectral position solid state element back scatering laser wave heat movement

17. s Siemens Building Technologies Fire Safety 17 Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels Dublin, May 6th 2004 FibroLaser II: International References up to now more than 350 km of cable and 250 OTS controllers are installed world-wide Melbourne City Link Tunnel (Australia) Taipeh MTR (Taiwan) MTR Bangkok (Thailand) Mont Blanc Tunnel (France) Arlberg Tunnel (Austria) St. Bernhardino (Switzerland) Remsteig Tunnel (Germany) Orte (Italy)

18. s Siemens Building Technologies Fire Safety 18 Automatic extinguishing system: Protection objective Primary objective is the fire limitation until the arrival of the intervention forces to the risk zone  a total extinguishment cannot be guaranteed Reduction of the fire intensity at the fire source Prevention of the jump of fire to neighboured vehicles Cooling of smoke gases at the end of the 30 m protection zone below 50°C Washing out of the smoke gases to raise the visibility Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels Dublin, May 6th 2004

19. s Siemens Building Technologies Fire Safety 19 Dimensioning of the automatic extinguishing system Basis:expectable heat power of the fire source at the time of fire detection and localisation after three minutes (about 20-30 MW) Spray water system with a optimised droplet spectrum and a control principle with is fitted to the installation conditions Effectiveness must be guaranteed at wind velocities of up to 10 m/s Spraying time of minimum 30 min or longer, if the approaching ways of the intervention forces are very far Engineering of the extinguishing system with physical model which is verified by experiments at a pilot plant Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels Dublin, May 6th 2004

20. s Siemens Building Technologies Fire Safety 20 Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels Dublin, May 6th 2004 Two-lane road tunnel: Cooling of smoke gases Wind: 5 m/s, Discharge: 6 mm/min, Droplet: 0.3 mm

21. s Siemens Building Technologies Fire Safety 21 Two-lane road tunnel: Cooling of smoke gases Fire: 20 MW, Discharge: 6 mm/min, Droplets: 0.3 mm Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels Dublin, May 6th 2004

22. s Siemens Building Technologies Fire Safety 22 Two-lane road tunnel: Cooling of smoke gases Fire: 20 MW, Wind: 5 m/s, Droplets: 0.3 mm Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels Dublin, May 6th 2004

23. s Siemens Building Technologies Fire Safety 23 Two-lane road tunnel: Cooling of smoke gases Fire: 20 MW, Wind: 5 m/s, Discharge: 6 mm/min Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels Dublin, May 6th 2004

24. s Siemens Building Technologies Fire Safety 24 Two-lane road tunnel: Wetting of the floor Fire: 20 MW, Wind: 5 m/s, Discharge: 6 mm/min Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels Dublin, May 6th 2004

25. s Siemens Building Technologies Fire Safety 25 Results The tunnel fire can be controlled until the intervention forces arrive: Smoke gases are cooled below 50°C The jump of fire is prevented This is independent of the tunnel wind, possible up to fires of 20 MW (Worst Case at activation). Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels Dublin, May 6th 2004

26. s Siemens Building Technologies Fire Safety 26 Results The droplet diameter is optimised between 100 and 300  m depending on the actual situation: large enough, to prevent the jump of fire small enough, to cause a sufficient cooling effect The water discharge is optimised between 2 and 6 mm/min : sufficient to lead to the necessary cooling effect O 2 -fraction is non-critical after 30 m (minimum 16.5 Vol-% ) economical storage still possible Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels Dublin, May 6th 2004

27. s Siemens Building Technologies Fire Safety 27 Set-up of the test installation Verification of the physical model with a pilot installation (scale  1:3) allows the model usage to design real tunnel applications (Up-Scaling)  Similarity approach as in wind channels/ process engineering Fire detection - system Wind  5m/s 3,3 m Autobrand B2 C2 C1 2 m 2 m 4 m CO 2 B1 Wind  5m/s 3,3 m Autobrand B2 C2 C1 2 m 2 m 4 m CO 2 B1 Nozzles Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels Dublin, May 6th 2004

28. s Siemens Building Technologies Fire Safety 28 Hagerbach-Pilot plant: Cooling of the smoke gases Fire: 1.4 MW, Wind: 2.8 m/s, Droplet: 0.25 mm Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels Dublin, May 6th 2004

29. s Siemens Building Technologies Fire Safety 29 Scaling (Scale-up/ Scale-down) The following quantities have to stay constant when scaling: a) specific heating related to cross-section : b) specific extinguishing capacity: c) specific droplet velocity in the reaction zone: Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels Dublin, May 6th 2004

30. s Siemens Building Technologies Fire Safety 30 Conclusion The physical model allows the design of extinguishing system for real tunnel applications The physical model is verified by pilot tests The engineering gives for a two-lane road tunnel a optimum design at a droplet diameter between 100 and 300  m and a water discharge between 2 and 6 mm/min The protection of life in tunnels makes complete protection concepts necessary which must contain an automatic extinguishing system An automatic water extinguishing system – optimised for tunnel application can fulfil the comprehensive protection objectives Sprinklers cannot match the declared protection objectives Fire Safety Concept for Tunnels Dublin, May 6th 2004