1. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 16 Performance-Enhancing Drugs

2. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Performance-Enhancing Drugs Are Not New  Early Greek Olympians used herbs and mushrooms that they believed to have pharmacological actions  In the 1800’s Strychnine, or rat poison, was used as a CNS stimulant  Cocaine and coffee were also used  Then came amphetamines

3. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.  It was not until athletes died that drug testing came into action  The Olympic Committee was the first governing body to establish drug testing and penalties in 1968  In 1971 the NFL banned trainers and coaches from handing out amphetamines, but not the players using them

4. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Steroids  Were first found to help malnourished people gain weight and rebuild strength  The Soviets were the first to use them wide spread in their athletes  An American developed anabolic steroids in 1956  At this point many strength athletes were using them

5. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. “Probe links McGwire to steroids in '90s” “Sprinters Marion Jones and her boyfriend, Tim Montgomery (world record holder in the 100 meters) testified in the BALCO inquiry.” “Former world champion sprinter Michelle Collins accepted a four-year suspension for a doping violation related to the BALCO steroid scandal” “BALCO founder Victor Conte could face additional charges in connection to the Bay Area sports doping ring that has riveted the sports world “ “Ken Caminiti said at least half of the players in the major leagues had used steroids” “Home run record- breaking slugger Barry Bonds told a federal grand jury he unknowingly used steroids provided by his personal trainer during the 2003 season” “Hanging from the BALCO-ny Drug sting puts superstars' reputations at risk”

6. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Testing  1968 Olympics were the first to test for banned drugs  1986 the NCAA adopted a list of 3,000 banned substances  For each new test, comes another drug or way to get around it

7. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Stimulants  In 1959 stimulants were proven to improve endurance - but not by much  For pro athletics a small change can be the difference between first and last place  Caffeine can increase performance as well  Too much will have you disqualified in most arenas

8. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.  Steroids can increase strength and lean muscle mass  In research there is an active placebo effect from the belief in the power of steroids  Androgenic effects  Anabolic effects Steroids and strength

9. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Adverse Effects In men  Peliosis hepatitis  Atherosclerosis  High blood pressure  Heart disease  Acne  Baldness  Atrophy of the testes  Breast enlargement

10. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Adverse Effects  In people who are not done growing, it can prematurely close the growth plates  In women  Enlargement of the clitoris (might be reversible once the steroid use has stopped)  Facial hair  Deepening of the voice

11. © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Creatine  Creatine is a food supplement that helps regenerate ATP, for muscle regeneration  Users will gain weight but some will be from water weight  No long-term studies available yet