2. Waste per Person per Year United States 0.88 tons 2.4 kilograms (10 pounds ) per day ! http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/nonhaz/municipal/images/2012_totl_msw_gen_fig5_lg.jpghttp://blogs.ft.com/energy-source/files/2011/01/Landfill.jpg Only 32.5% was recycled

3. Ideally material should be free of contaminants Many consumer items are made from more than one material Materials are optimized for specific uses Solutions: Air classification (to remove light objects) Sink-Floating techniques Hand held spectrometers http://blogs.ft.com/energy-source/files/2011/01/Landfill.jpghttp://www.epa.gov/solidwaste/nonhaz/municipal/images/waste_hierarchy_green_400pxw.png

4. Incineration VS http://www.recyclepower.org/images/arrowpaper.JPG -Saves more energy -Create 3 times more jobs http://campaign.tetrapak.com/lifeofapackage/styles/images/paper-products.jpg

6. http://www.dejavulaser.com

7. Recycling without deinking/bleaching - napkins, toilet tissue, etc Recycling with deinking -Chemical -Flotation/washing -Mechanical -Steam explosion -Ultrasound -Enzymes Paper Recycling Plant in Indonesia http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_J0BvswbEes Bottom line : New generation of tonners needs to be devised ! Stickies are another problem in paper repulping

8. Nonpaper Uses Wood-based composites With polyethylene/polypropylene trunk liners for cars, door panels, etc With synthetic fibers – nonwoven mats With binders (resins, asphalt) – acoustical insulating boards With wood, gypsum – boards Paper Mill Sludge https://c2.staticflickr.com/4/3590/3365375855_9fdbb8253d.jpg Boards Tiles Plastics Ethanol Feed for cattle Litter for pets

9. Most Used Plastics 41% Polyethylene 23% Polyvinylchloride 21% Polypropylene 11% Polystyrene 4% Styrene-acrylonitrile Where 27% Packaging 20% Building 13% Consumer products http://www.projectgreenbag.com/recycling-codes-on-plastics/

10. Foamed insulation Fibers (various applications) Shower curtains Paint brushes Draining pipes Trash cans Grocery bags Traffic barrier cones (non-food) Plastic recycling rates are… dropping down High costs of collecting and sorting

11. Additional stabilizers should be added (exclusion polypropylene) Different polymers should be separates (e.g. in carpets) Bottle: PETE Cap and label: polypropylene Solution All polyester bottle Ink jet printing instead of label

12. -Creation polymer blends to minimize separations -Improve properties of recycled materials Compatibilizers – block or graft copolymers Graft polymer Example: Polypropylene grafted with maleic anhydride becomes compatible with nylon-6,6

13. - Polymers can be converted to their monomers for purification and repolymerization Nylon-6 → caprolactam Polymethylmethacrylate → cyanoacrylate (92-100%) Poly(α-methylstyrene) → methylstyrene (95-100%) Polytetrafluoroethylene → fluoroethylene (97-100%) Polystyrene → styrene (up to 100%) Uses of Pyrolyzate Repolymerization Feedstock for petroleum refinery Fuels