1. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4-1

2. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 4

3. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4-3 Definitions The principal in financial formulas is the balance upon which interest is paid. Simple interest is interest paid only on the original principal, an not on any interest added at later dates. Compound interest is interest paid on both the original principal and on all interest that has been added to the original principal. 4-A

4. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4-4 Compound Interest 4-A Principal + 6% Interest (compounded quarterly for one year ) Principal + 6% Interest (compounded quarterly for 10 years )

5. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4-5 Compound Interest Formula for Interest Paid n Times per Year 4-A A = accumulated balance after Y years P = starting principal APR = annual percentage rate (as a decimal) n = number of compounding periods per year Y = number of years (may be a fraction)

6. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4-6 APR vs. APY 4-A APR = annual percentage rate (also known asnominal rate) APY = annual percentage yield (also known aseffective yield) APR = APY when the number of compounding periods equals 1 APY > APR when the number of compounding periods is greater than 1 APY =relative increase = absolute increase starting principal

7. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4-7 Euler’s Constant e 4-A Investing $1 at a 100% APR for one year, the following table of amounts — based on number of compounding periods — shows us the evolution from discrete compounding to continuous compounding. Leonhard Euler (1707-1783)

8. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4-8 Compound Interest Formula for Continuous Compounding 4-A P = regular payment (deposit) amount A = accumulated balance after Y years e = the special number called Euler’s constant or the natural number and is an irrational number approximately equal to 2.71828 Y = number of years (may be a fraction) APR = annual percentage rate (as a decimal)

9. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4-9 Social Security and Savings Plans 4-B “Social Security can furnish only a base upon which each one of our citizens may build his individual security through his own individual efforts.” President Franklin D. Roosevelt The Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial in Washington D.C.

10. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4-10 Savings Plan Formula (Regular Payments / Annuity) 4-B Y = number of years (may be a fraction) A = accumulated balance after Y years PMT = regular payment (deposit) amount APR = annual percentage rate (as a decimal) n = number of payment periods per year

11. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4-11 Total / Annual Return Formulas 4-B Consider an investment that grows from an original principalP to a later accumulated balanceA: The total return is the relative change in the investment value: The annual return is the average annual percentage yield (APY) that would give the same overall growth. 1 )/1( =return annual            Y P A P PA) ( =return total 

12. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4-12 Total Return Formula 4-B Example: Suppose that you decided to invest in some real estate property in the year 2004. The amount of your original investment is $27,500. In the year 2013 you decide to sell and receive $43,400 for the property. What is your total return percentage and annual return percentage?

13. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4-13 Annual Return Formula 4-B Example: Suppose that you decide to invest in some real estate property in the year 2004. The amount of your original investment is $27,500. In the year 2013 you decide to sell and receive $43,400 for the property. What is your total return percentage and annual return percentage?

14. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4-14 Potential Retirement Sources 4-B 1.Pension 2.Personal Savings 3.Social Security

15. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4-15 Types of Investments 4-B 1.Stocks 2.Bonds 3.Cash 4.Mutual Funds

16. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4-16 Investment Considerations 4-B 1.Liquidity 2.Risk 3.Return

17. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4-17 Stock Market Trends 4-B

18. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4-18 Mutual Fund Quotations 4-B

19. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4-19 Loan Payment Formula (Installment Loans) 4-C P = starting loan principal (amount borrowed) PMT = regular payment Y = loan term in years n = number of payment periods per year APR = annual percentage rate (as a decimal)

20. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4-20 Loan Amortization Example 4-C

21. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4-21 The Relationship Between Principal and Interest for a Payment 4-C

22. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4-22 Income Tax Preparation Flow Chart 4-D

23. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4-23 Federal Surplus / Deficit and Overall Debt 4-E

24. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4-24 Federal Government Outlays 4-E