1. BIO 244: General Microbiology Biotechnology and ___________ DNA Chapter 9 Watson and Crick 1953

2. BIOTECHNOLOGY AND RECOMBINANT DNA BIOTECHNOLOGY : – The use of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to_____________________ Foods – bacteria to make yogurt, yeast to make dough Antibiotics Vitamins Enzymes – to remove stains RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY: – Insertion or modification of ________ to produce desired proteins – Using living organisms as factories to make products that they _____________________ = GENETIC ENGINEERING

3. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case Microbiology B.E Pruitt & Jane J. Stein AN INTRODUCTION EIGHTH EDITION TORTORA FUNKE CASE Figure 9.1 ______________ DNA TECHNOLOGY

4. TOOLS in RECOMBINANT DNA PROCEDURES – ____________ENZYMES cut desired ____ sequences – ________________ carry new DNA to desired cells – ______________ CELL (host) make genetically identical cells that replicate genes – POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION ________

5. ______________ ENZYMES DNA ___________ Enzymes Cut ____________ sequences of DNA Destroy ____________ DNA that enters bacterial cells

6. _______________ Carry new DNA to desired cell Types of Vectors : – ________________ Circular, extrachromosomal DNA – _________________ Bacteriophages Virus

7. RECIPIENT _________ CELLS DESIRABLE FEATURES : – Rapid turnover, fast ______________ – Can be grown in large quantities, ________________________ – Nonpathogenic – _______ are well-mapped – Capable of accepting plasmid or bacteriophage vectors – Will produce high yield of ___________ from expressed foreign genes

8. _____________ CHAIN REACTION (PCR) A molecular __________ machine for DNA amplification Figure 9.4.1 ________ DNA - sequence of DNA with selected gene Primers – short pieces of nucleic acids that dictate portion of DNA to be amplified

9. Figure 9.4.2

10. SUMMARY OF POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) To make multiple copies of a piece of DNA ________________ Production of billions of copies of __________ DNA sequences Used to: – ________ DNA for recombination – ________ DNA to detectable levels – Sequence DNA – Diagnose genetic disease – Detect __________ By using primers unique to a specific organism

11. DNA _______ to IDENTIFY _______ Figure 9.12.1

12. DNA ______ to IDENTIFY ______ (cntd.) Figure 9.12.2

13. RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY Therapeutic Applications Efficient, inexpensive product production – hormones Gene therapy to replace defective or missing genes Human ________ Project: J. Craig Venter and Francis Collins – Human genome sequenced 3.1 billion base pairs that make up DNA had been identified and put in proper order – Human _______ Project may provide diagnostics and treatments

14. FUNDAMENTAL TOOLS IN GENETIC ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY _____________ ENZYMES – ____ DNA into fragments GEL ELECTROPHORESIS – Separate DNA fragments according to __________ Agarose gel Electric current DNA _________ – Single-stranded pieces of DNA __________________ ______________ – Single-stranded DNA – Serve as sites for DNA polymerase to bind

15. TOOLS of GENETIC ENGINEERING- Agarose Gel Electrophoresis and ___________

16. RECOMBINANT TECHNIQUE: ______________ The use of _______ to identify given DNA sequences

17. ____________________

18. RECOMBINANT TECHNIQUE: DNA FINGERPRINTING Science takes the Witness Stand Features: – Restriction Enzymes Cut DNA – Electrophoresis Separates ________________ – Hybridization probes Locate specific DNA sequences – _________ To increase the number of DNA copies – ________________ Technique Produce visible record

19. DNA Fingerprinting

20. _________________ Treating a disease by _________________