1. The Great Divide 05/04

2. DO NOW… THINK:  How many cells are you composed of?  When an organism grows bigger do you get more cells or just bigger cells or both?  When do your cells divide the fastest? Slowest?  Do cells ever stop dividing?

3. Why Would a Cell Divide?  As cells absorb nutrients and get larger, the volume of the cell increases, and a cell can no longer absorb nutrients and get rid of wastes fast enough.  So what’s a cell to do?  Solution: divide in 2!

4. When Would a Cell Divide?  Growth  Repair or Replacement  Cancer Different cells divide at different rates:  Most mammalian cells = 12-24 hours  Some bacterial cells = 20-30 minutes

5. Getting Older…  All cells are only allowed to complete a certain number of divisions  Then they die (programmed cell death) How does cell division change over a lifetime?  Childhood = cell division > cell death  Adulthood = cell division = cell death  The Later Years = cell division < cell death

6. The Cell Cycle

7. Stages of the Cell Cycle  2 stages = interphase (growth & replication of DNA) & mitotic phase (division of cell into 2 daughter cells)  Cell spends about 90% of the time in interphase

8. Interphase  Divided into 3 phases:  G1 (1 st gap) = small cell is absorbing nutrients, growing & making proteins  S (synthesis) = cell is continuing to grow & duplicates its DNA (i.e. chromosomes) in preparation for making duplicate cells during mitosis  G2 (2 nd gap) = cell keeps grow- ing & making proteins; it grows too big…solution = divide in 2

9. The Mitotic Phase  Equal distribution of chromosomes (DNA) into 2 identical daughter cells  Divided into 4 stages of Mitosis:  Prophase  Metaphase  Anaphase  Telophase  Cytokinesis

10. Prophase  DNA condenses (gets shorter & thicker) so they are now visible  Appear as sister chromatids  Nuclear membrane dissolves  The centrioles move to opposite poles & spindle fibers form between them  http://www.biostudio.com/demo_freeman_dna_coiling.htm

11. Metaphase  Chromosomes line-up along the center and attach to the spindle fibers

12. Anaphase  Sister chromatids are pulled away from one another towards the poles

13. Telophase  The chromosomes reach the poles  Nuclear membranes form around the 2 new nuclei

14. Cytokinesis  The cytoplasm distributed equally between the 2 new cells  In animals, a cleavage furrow forms from outside in  In plants, a cell plate forms from inside out Plant Animal

15. What Mitosis Actually Looks Like Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/multimedia/mitosis/mitosis_gif2.html http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/bio1int.htm

16. What Happens After Mitosis?  The cell returns to interphase  Chromosomes uncoil back into thin strands of DNA  The cycle repeats itself over & over…

17. At What Stage Are Our Cells At In The Cell Cycle?  Different cells can be in different stages  Interphase  Mitosis:  Prophase  Metaphase  Anaphase  Telophase  Cytokinesis

18. Can You Identify the Stages of Mitosis? Put the following mitosis stages in the correct sequence

19. Identify the phase in the following 18 cells: