1. How did this happen?
Wolf > Poodle

2. Types of Theories
Wolf > Poodle

3. Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution (WRONG!)
Idea called Law of Use and Disuse
If a body part were used, it got stronger
If body part NOT used, it disappeared.

4. Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution
Inheritance Of Acquired Traits
Traits Acquired During Ones Lifetime Would Be Passed To Offspring
Clipped ears of dogs would be passed to offspring!

5. Long time scale events that gradually create and destroy species.
Gradualism:
Long time scale events that gradually create and destroy species.
Charles Darwin

6. Punctuated Equilibrium:
Short periods of time with “rapid” leaps in evolution. Usually after a major extinction event.
Steven Gould

7. Parallel Evolution:
Different Animals On Different Continents But Similar Adaptations To Shared Environments

8. Changes in Allele Frequency
how traits were inherited (Traits are passed through genes)
Genes Are NOT Changed By Activities In Life
Change Through Mutation Occurs Before An Organism Is Born

9. Evolution
Diversity of Life

10. History of Evolutionary Thought

11. Contributor’s to Darwin’s thinking included:
John Baptiste Lamarck – Inheritance of acquired Characteristics and Law of Use and Disuse
Alfred Russel Wallace – organisms evolved from common ancestors

12. Hutton’s Theory of Geological Change
Changes in Earth’s crust due to slow continuous processes
Ideas Known as Uniformitism and Gradualism based on fossil record

13. Principles of Geology Provides evidence to support evolution of life
Explained Geological Processes That Shaped The Earth
Helped Darwin Understand Sea Shells In The Andes Mountains At 12,000+ Feet
Expanded Earth’s Age to billions of years

15. Charles Darwin the Naturalist

16. Charles Darwin Born Feb. 12, 1809 Joined Crew of HMS Beagle, 1831
Trained in Theology and a Naturalist
5 Year Voyage around world
Avid Collector of Flora & Fauna
Astounded By Variety of Life

17. HMS Beagle’s Voyage

18. Galapagos Tortoises

20. Darwin’s Observations
Both Living Organisms & Fossils collected
Fossils included:
Trilobites
Giant Ground Sloth of South America
This species NO longer existed. What had happened to them?

21. Evidence for Evolution – The Fossil Record

22. What Pressures Cause Evolution ?
Evolution Principles
What Pressures Cause Evolution ?

23. Definition
Evolution is the gradual change in a population of organisms over time

24. 1. Overproduction: - More offspring produced than needed.
- Only a small fraction of offspring survive and reproduce.

25. 2. Competition: - food, water, space and mates are limited
- Competition within the species and with other species

26. 3. Variation - There is variation within populations.
Individuals of a population vary in their genetic traits.
No two individuals are exactly alike.

27. 4. Adaptations
Because of variations some individuals are better adapted to survive in their environment
“Survival of the Fittest”

28. Adaptations
Those that survive and reproduce have the fittest genetic variations.

29. 5. Natural Selection
Some genetic traits are selected for by environmental conditions.
Those selected for survival live and pass on their beneficial genes.
Others die and genes are lost. .

30. Extinctions
Some species disappear due to a catastrophic event in nature (humans, asteroid, earthquake…)

31. Speciation
Over time favorable adaptations gradually accumulate in a species and unfavorable ones disappear.
Eventually the accumulated changes result in a new species.
Common Descent with
Modification

32. Genes create evolution!
The mutation or combination of alleles has to already be there by chance. 
Populations do not decide to adapt or mutate after an environmental change
Only beneficial mutations lead to evolution!

33. What Kinds of Evidence are Used to Study Evolution?

34. Selective Breeding Artificial Selection
Selective Breeding To Enhance Desired Traits Among Stock or Crops
Dogs, horses, fruits, corn etc..

35. Artificial Selection

36. Wild Mustard was artificially selected to become broccoli!
Yum!

37. Natural Selection Cannot Be Seen Directly
It Can Only Be Observed As Changes In A Population Over Many Successive Generations
Radiation
Fossil Record

38. Fossil Record Earth is Billions of Years Old
Fossils In Different Layers of Rock (sedimentary Rock Strata) Showed Evidence Of Gradual Change Over Time.

39. Evidence for Evolution – The Fossil Record

40. Descent With Modification

41. Similarities in DNA Sequence

42. Evolution of pesticide resistance in response to selection

43. Homologous Body Structures
Structures That Have Different Mature Forms But Develop From The Same Embryonic Tissues
Strong Evidence That All Four-Limbed Animals With Backbones Descended, With Modification, From A Common Ancestor
Help Scientist Group Animals

44. Homologous Body Structures

45. Similarities In Early Development
Embryo – early stages of vertebrate development
Embryonic Structures Of Different Species Show Significant Similarities
What is similar in the next slide?

46. Same stages of embryos
Which one is the Human?

47. Same stages of embryos

48. Human Fetus (5 weeks) with vestigal structures.

49. Chicken
Turtle
Rat

50. One more time for Darwin….

51. Darwin's Theory Variation
Individual Organisms In Nature Differ From One Another. Some Of This Variation Is Inherited
Overproduction
Organisms In Nature Produce More Offspring Than Can Survive, And Many Of These Offspring Do No Reproduce

52. Darwin's Theory Competition
More Organisms Are Produced Than Can Survive, Members Of Each Species Must Compete For Limited Resources
Adaptation
Each Organism Is Unique, Each Has Different Advantages & Disadvantages In The Struggle For Existence

53. Darwin's Theory Natural Selection
Individuals Best Suited To Their Environment Survive & Reproduce Successfully – Passing Their Traits To Their Offspring.
Speciation
Species Change Over Time. Over Long Periods, Natural Selection Causes Changes That May Eventually Lead To New Species

54. Darwin's Theory
Species Alive Today Have Descended With Modifications From Species That Lived In The Past
All Organisms On Earth Are United Into A Single Tree Of Life By Common Descent