1. Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)
READ
Chapter 4
Human
Development

2. Psychology: Movie Review
extra credit
50 First Dates
The Fisher King
As Good As It Gets
What about Bob?
The Breakfast Club
Benny and Joon
What’s Eating Gilbert Grape
Dead Poet’s Society
Psycho
Ferris Beuller’s Day Off
3 pages
typed
double-spaced

3. Human Development

4. Human Development Developmental Psychology
a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive and social change throughout the life span

5. Prenatal Development and the Newborn
Life is sexually transmitted

6. Prenatal Development and the Newborn
sex organs develop in the second month
40 days days months 4 months

7. Prenatal Development and the Newborn
Zygote
the fertilized egg
enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division
develops into an embryo
Embryo
the developing human organism from 2 weeks through 2nd month
Fetus
the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

8. Human Development Prenatal Development Conception to birth Infancy
0-2 years
Childhood
2-12 years
Adolescence
12-18 years
Adulthood
18 years to death

9. What is development? Physical development Weight Height
Refinement of motor skills
Physiological changes such as puberty and aging

10. Infancy and Childhood: Physical Development
Babies only 3 months old can learn that kicking moves a mobile--and can retain that learning for a month (Rovee-Collier, 1989, 1997).

11. What is development? Cognitive development thinking memory
Acquisition of language and language skills
problem-solving

12. What is development? Personality & social development personality
social functioning
emotions

13. Human Development: Methods of study
Longitudinal Method
observes the same group of people repeatedly over time
may last for years, decades, or over an entire lifetime of a group of study participants
researchers conduct longitudinal studies to examine how personality and behavior change over time

14. Human Development: Methods of study
Cross-sectional Method
because of the limitations of longitudinal studies, a study in which different people of different ages are compared with one another
researchers compare groups of people who are similar in background but different in age

15. Child development: “A little history”
Middle-ages in Christian Europe
infants were considered mini-adults
development was only a matter of physical growth

16. Child development: “A little history”
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
children are innately good
naturally endowed with a “blue-print” for development infants were considered mini-adults

17. Child development: “A little history”
John Locke
Nurture, or environment, was stressed as important for development
“Tabula Rasa”- children are born as a
“blank slate” and that environmental experiences would determine their course of development

18. Prenatal Development and the Newborn
Rooting Reflex
tendency to open mouth, and search for nipple when touched on the cheek
Sucking Reflex
the rhythmic sucking action that occurs when an object is placed in the baby’s mouth
Palmar grasp Reflex
the curling of the fingers around an object that touches the palm of the baby’s hand

19. Infancy and Childhood: Physical Development
Maturation
biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior
relatively uninfluenced by experience
At birth
3 months
15 months
Cortical Neurons

20. Visual Cliff apparatus: Depth Perception

21. Prenatal Development and the Newborn
Preferences
human voices and faces
facelike images-->
smell and sound of mother preferred

22. Prenatal Development and the Newborn
Teratogens
agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking
symptoms include misproportioned head

23. Infancy and Childhood: Piaget’s Cognitive Development
Schema
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
Assimilation
interpreting one’s new experience in terms of one’s existing schemas

24. Infancy and Childhood: Piaget’s Cognitive Development
Accommodation
adapting one’s current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
Cognition
All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

25. Infancy and Childhood: Piaget’s Cognitive Development
Object Permanence
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

26. Infancy and Childhood: Piaget’s Cognitive Development
Conservation
the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

27. Infancy and Childhood: Piaget’s Cognitive Development
Egocentrism
the inability of the preoperational child to take another’s point of view
Theory of Mind
people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict
Autism
a disorder that appears in childhood
Marked by deficient communication, social interaction and understanding of others’ states of mind

28. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Typical Age
Range
Description
of Stage
Developmental
Phenomena
Birth to nearly 2 years
Sensorimotor
Experiencing the world through
senses and actions (looking,
touching, mouthing)
Object permanence
Stranger anxiety
About 2 to 6 years
About 7 to 11 years
About 12 through
adulthood
Preoperational
Representing things
with words and images
but lacking logical reasoning
Pretend play
Egocentrism
Language development
Concrete operational
Thinking logically about concrete
events; grasping concrete analogies
and performing arithmetical operations
Conservation
Mathematical transformations
Formal operational
Abstract reasoning
Abstract logic
Potential for moral reasoning

29. Social Development Elizabeth Kubler-Ross: Stages of Dying Denial Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance
Giraffe stages of Death & Dying video

30. Social Development Elizabeth Kubler-Ross: Stages of Dying
Terminally ill and bereaved people do not go through predictable stages.
Given similar circumstances, some people grieve for a long time while others grieve more briefly.

31. Social Development Critical Period Imprinting
an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
Imprinting
the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

32. Social Development Harlow’s Surrogate Mother Experiments
Monkeys preferred contact with the comfortable cloth mother, even while feeding from the nourishing wire mother

33. Social Development
Monkeys raised by artificial mothers were terror-stricken when placed in strange situations without their surrogate mothers.

34. Social Development Attachment an emotional tie with another person
shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and displaying distress on separation

35. Social Development Stranger Anxiety
fear of strangers that infants commonly display
beginning by about 8 months of age

36. Social Development Psychologist Mary Ainsworth, Ph.D.
The Strange Situation
Secure type- 70%
Insecure-avoidant type- 20 %
Insecure-resistant type- 10 %
Disorganized (disoriented) attachment

37. Effects of attachment Secure attachment predicts social competence
children identified as securely attached between the ages of 12 and 18 months were more outgoing, more confident, and more persistent in solving challenging tasks when restudied as 2 and 3 year olds

38. Effects of attachment
Deprivation of attachment is linked to negative outcomes
Babies who grow up in institutions without a caregiver’s regular stimulation and attention do not form normal attachments and often appear withdrawn and frightened
physical and emotional abuse often disrupts attachment as well
While most abused children do not grow up to be violent criminals or abusive parents, most abusive parents were battered or emotionally abused as children

39. Effects of attachment
A responsive environment helps most infants recover from attachment disruption
children who have been neglected but who are later adopted between 6 to 16 months of age at first have trouble sleeping, eating, and relating to their new parents
However, by age 10, this same group of adopted children showed virtually no negative effects from the earlier neglect

40. Effects of attachment
The evidence is consistent and clear about the effects of attachment:
children who have a warm relationship with familiar, responsive caregivers reap the benefits of secure attachment
Most often, attachment is a direct result of the parenting children receive

41. Social Development: Child-Rearing Practices
Authoritarian
These parents are not very loving and warm
parents impose rules and expect obedience
Discipline is strict and often physical
Communication is high from parent to child but low from child to parent
Maturity expectations are high
“Don’t interrupt.” “Why? Because I said so.”

42. Social Development: Child-Rearing Practices
Permissive
These parents are loving and warm, but they rarely discipline their children
submit to children’s desires, make few demands, use little punishment
Communication is low from parent to child, but high from child to parent
Expectations of maturity are low

43. Social Development: Child-Rearing Practices
Authoritative
these parents are loving and warm
Discipline is moderate
both demanding and responsive
Lots of talking & negotiating
These parents exert control by setting rules and enforcing them, but explain reasons behind the rules
Communication is high from parent to child and from child to parent
Maturity expectations are moderate

44. Social Development: Child-Rearing Practices
Does one form of parenting have a clear advantage over the other two?
Authoritative parents (the third style) often produce children high in:
Self-esteem
Self-reliance
Social competence
Authoritative parents produce children that are more successful, happy, and generous with others
Authoritative parents produce children feel a sense of control over their lives making them more motivated and self-confident

45. Human Development Freud
developed the first comprehensive theory on personality development

46. The Psychoanalytic Perspective
Unconscious
according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories
contemporary viewpoint- information processing of which we are unaware

47. Chapter 15 (p.596-599) Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
Stage Focus
Oral Pleasure centers on the mouth--
(0-18 months) sucking, biting, chewing
Anal Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder
(18-36 months) elimination; coping with demands for control
Phallic Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with
(3-6 years) incestuous sexual feelings
Latency Dormant sexual feelings
(6 to puberty)
Genital Maturation of sexual interests
(puberty on)

48. Chapter 15 (p.596-599) Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
the childhood stages of development during which the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

49. Personality Structure
Id (follows the pleasure principle)
contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy
strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives
operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

50. Personality Structure
Ego (follows the reality principle)
the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality
mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality
operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

51. Personality Structure
Superego ( our internal moral guardian; our conscience)
the part of personality that presents internalized ideals
provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations

52. Human Development Oedipus Complex Electra Complex
a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
Electra Complex
a girl’s sexual desires toward her father and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival mother

53. Human Development Identification Fixation
the process by which children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos
Fixation
a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved
anal-compulsive (a.k.a.- anal-retentive)
a child who had difficulty with toilet-training can become overly concerned with neatness, rules, and control

54. Free Response Essay: Human Development
Paragraph 1- What is a stage theory?
(p )

55. What is a stage theory?
Stage theories emphasize the idea that human development occurs in a series of very specific phases, periods, or points in the growth process of a child.
According to stage theorists, children are developing cognitively, sexually, emotionally, and morally as they pass through the stages of childhood into adolescence and later into adulthood.

56. Free Response Essay: Human Development
Paragraph 2- Explain the main focus of Piaget’s stage theory (p )
Paragraph 3- What would Piaget identify as a major issue or concern for a seven-year-old child?

57. Free Response Essay: Human Development
Paragraph 4- Explain the main focus of Freud’s stage theory (p )
Paragraph 5- What would Freud identify as a major issue or concern for a seven-year-old child?

58. Free Response Essay: Human Development
Paragraph 6- Explain the main focus of Erikson’s stage theory (p )
Paragraph 7- What would Erikson identify as a major issue or concern for a seven-year-old child?

59. Free Response Essay: Human Development
Paragraph 8- Explain the main focus of Kohlberg’s stage theory (p )
Paragraph 9- What would Kohlberg identify as a major issue or concern for a seven-year-old child?