1. Biomedical Innovations Unit 3 Tissues of Life A Focus on Blood

2. Blood Introduction
Blood is a special Connective Tissue, and is the major component of the Circulatory System
Connective tissue is a group of cells that collectively function to support, connect, and/or separate other tissues and organs.
The Circulatory System is comprised of two sub-systems:
1. Cardiovascular System
Includes network of blood vessels, blood, and heart
Major function is to transport nutrients, gases and hormones to cells and wastes from cells for excretion outside the body
2. Lymphatic System
Includes network of lymph vessels, the lymphocyte white blood cell, and lymphoid organs (tonsils, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, and lymph nodes)
Major functions are to return fluid that escapes from blood vessels back to the bloodstream AND fight infections and give immunity to disease

5. Functions Of Blood 1. Transportation 3. Regulation
Blood transports dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones and metabolic wastes
2. Protection & Clotting
White Blood Cells (WBC) protect the body against foreign molecules
Platelets (cell) and clotting proteins in blood minimize blood loss when a blood vessel is damaged (clot)
3. Regulation
Blood regulates the pH and electrolyte composition of the interstitial fluids (fluid between cells)
Blood regulates body temperature: transfers heat via counter-current exchange

6. Counter-Current Exchange

7. Composition of Blood Contains cellular and liquid components
Liquid Portion: ~ 55% plasma
Cellular Portion: ~ 45% formed elements
Normal blood pH is ~ (neutral)
Blood volume
Varies inversely with body fat
Blood volume as body fat
Males typically have 5 to 6 liters (~10.5 to 12.5 pints)
Females typically have 4 to 5 liters (~8.5 to 10.5 pints)
How can blood volume be determined?
How much is a “unit” of donated blood?
Volume:
Assess: Blood pressure
Calculate: Radioactive dye
Units:
1 unit donated = ~ 1 pint (0.5L)
1 unit accepted = ~0.75 pint
Packed RBC (prBC)
A: Direct and Indirect Methods  removal of all blood of an organism (direct), or tag the blood with a volume radioisotopes and then analyze the concentration in a representative sample later.
A: ~ 0.5 L, or just shy of 1 pint.

8. Composition of Blood 55% Plasma 45% Formed Elements 92% - Water
7% - Proteins (fibrinogen, hormones, albumins & globulins)
1% - other solutes (ions, gases, nutrients, wastes, etc.)
45% Formed Elements
99.9% - erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells - RBCs)
0.1% - leukocytes (White Blood Cells - WBCs) & thrombocytes (Platelets)
globulins are any of a group of simple proteins that are generally insoluble in water, but soluble in salt solutions and coagulated by heat.
albumin consists of all proteins that are water-soluble, are moderately soluble in concentrated salt solutions, and experience heat denaturation.

9. Composition of Blood - Plasma
Figure 19.1b

10. Composition of Blood – Formed Elements
Figure 19.1c

11. ID the Formed Elements
Be able to identify any of the formed elements to RBC, WBC, or Platelet.
FYI: this WBC is a neutrophil; the granules are neutrally stained – hence, the name.

12. Lecture 1a - Review Break
Visualize the Composition of Blood
Microscopy & Blood Cell Identification Lab

13. Lecture 1b – Overview: Composition of Blood
Hematocrit or Packed Cell Volume (PCV)
measure of % RBC
Males: 47% ± 5% Females: 42% ± 5%
Figure 17.1

14. Erythrocytes – Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
Oxygen-transporting cells
7.5 µm in diameter (diameter of capillary 8 – 10µm)
Most numerous of the formed elements
Females: 4.3 – 5.2 million cells/mm3
Males: 5.2 – 5.8 million cells/mm3
Made in the red bone marrow in long bones, cranial bones, ribs, sternum, and vertebrae
Average lifespan is 100 – 120 days

15. RBC Structure And Function
Have no organelles or nuclei
Significance?
True for all species?
Hemoglobin – oxygen carrying protein
Each RBC has million hemoglobin molecules
Biconcave shape
A: Increase more internal volume for hemoglobin = more efficient in oxygen storage/transport ability
A: 30% more surface area

16. Hemoglobin What is the term for when hemoglobin binds with O2?
Comprised of four protein chains, each called a globin.
Each globin is bound to a red pigment, called a heme molecule.
Contains a single Fe atom
Each Fe atom can bind to a single O2 molecule
How many O2 molecules can each hemoglobin combine with?
What is the term for when hemoglobin binds with O2?
CO2?
Are either a reversible reaction?
A pigment is a material that changes the color of reflected or transmitted light as the result of wavelength-selective absorption.
A: oxyhemoglobin
A: carbaminohemoglobin
A: yes

17. Leukocytes – White Blood Cells (WBCs)
Protect the body from:
infectious microorganisms
Cancerous cells
Foreign particles
Typically, function outside the bloodstream in loose connective tissue
Diapedesis - circulating leukocytes leave the capillaries and enter the interstitial fluid
Exception?
WBCs have a nucleus and are larger than RBCs
Most produced in bone marrow
Lifespan of 12 hours to several years
A: Lymphocytes  active in the humoral response (as well as the cell-mediated response)
A: Lymphocytes  lymphoid tissue

18. Leukocytes – White Blood Cells (WBCs)
Two types of leukocytes
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
Relative WBC Count
Never
Let
Monkeys
Eat
Bananas
Figure 17.5

19. Type Of White Blood Cells Lymphocytes (B Cells and T Cells)
% By Volume Of WBC
Description
Function
Neutrophils
60 – 70 %
Nucleus has many interconnected lobes; blue granules
Phagocytize and destroy bacteria; most numerous WBC
Eosinophils
2 – 4 %
Nucleus has bilobed nuclei; red or yellow granules containing digestive enzymes
Play a role in ending allergic reactions
Basophils
< 1 %
Bilobed nuclei hidden by large purple granules full of chemical mediators of inflammation
Function in inflammation medication; similar in function to mast cells
Lymphocytes (B Cells and T Cells)
20 – 25 %
Dense, purple staining, round nucleus; little cytoplasm
the most important cells of the immune system; effective in fighting infectious organisms; act against a specific foreign molecule (antigen)
Monocytes
4 – 8 %
Largest leukocyte; kidney shaped nucleus
Transform into macrophages; phagocytic cells

20. Lymphocyte Compose 20 – 45% of WBCs Two main classes of lymphocyte
The most important cells of the immune system
Nucleus – stains dark purple
Effective in fighting infectious organisms
Act against a specific foreign molecule (antigen)
Two main classes of lymphocyte
T cells – attack foreign cells directly
Active in cell mediated immune response
B cells – multiply to become plasma cells that secrete antibodies
Active in the humoral immune response
Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies but rather involves the activation of phagocytes, natural killer cells, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.
Humoral immunity is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by macromolecules (as opposed to cell-mediated immunity) found in extracellular fluids such as secreted antibodies, complement proteins, and certain antimicrobial peptides; is so named because it involves substances found in the humours, or body fluids.
Figure 17.4d

21. Platelets Structure Functions
Small, nearly colorless bodies appearing as irregular spindles or oval disks (~2-4 μm)
originate in bone marrow from giant cell megakaryocyte
Functions
Hemostasis
Regulation of blood flow
Coagulation, or blood clotting

22. Summary of Formed Elements
Table 17.1

23. Review Activity Break
Blood Disorders

24. Blood Cell Formation
Hematopoiesis – process by which blood cells are formed
100 billion new blood cells formed each day
Takes place in the red bone marrow of the humerus, femur, sternum, ribs, vertebra and pelvis
Red marrow – actively generates new blood cells
Contains immature erythrocytes
Remains in epiphyses, girdles, and axial skeleton
Yellow marrow – dormant (can become active if needed)
Contains many fat cells
Located in the long bones of adults

25. Cell Lines in Blood Cell Formation
All blood cells originate in bone marrow
All originate from one cell type
Blood stem cell (pluripotential hematopoeitic stem cell)
Lymphoid stem cells - give rise to lymphocytes
Myeloid stem cells - give rise to all other blood cells

26. Cell Lines in Blood Cell Formation
Genesis of erythrocytes (erythropoiesis)
Committed cells are proerythroblasts
Remain in the reticulocyte stage for 1–2 days in circulation
Loss of nucleus
Formation of leukocytes (leukopoiesis)
Granulocytes form from myeloblasts
Monoblasts enlarge and form monocytes
Platelet formation (thrombopoiesis)
Form from megakaryoblasts
break apart into platelets

27. The Blood Throughout Life
First blood cells develop with the earliest blood vessels
Late in the second month the liver and spleen take over blood formation
Bone marrow becomes major hematopoietic organ at month 7

28. RBC life span and circulation
Replaced at a rate of approximately 3 million new blood cells entering the circulation per second
Damaged or dead RBCs are recycled by phagocytes
Components of hemoglobin individually recycled
Heme stripped of iron and converted to biliverdin, then bilirubin
Iron is recycled by being stored in phagocytes, or transported throughout the blood stream bound to transferrin

29. Red Blood Cell Turnover
Figure 19.5

30. Clotting Mechanisms Know the general stages of blood clotting
Stage 1: Source of damage
Stage 2: prothrombin  thrombin
Calcium, prothrombin activator
Stage 3: fibrinogen  fibrin
Calcium, thrombin
Be able to identify the key difference between intrinsic and extrinsic pathways
Stage 1

31. Clotting Cont. What two conditions increase clotting?
What two conditions decrease clotting?
How are clots removed?
Fibrinolysis
A: rough spot in endothelium and slow blood flow
A: smooth surface on endothelium and antithrombin molecules (e.g., heparin)

32. Review Activity Break

33. You should be able to…
Identify and describe:
The different types of tissues
Functions of the blood
Blood composition
Plasma & Formed Elements
% Hematocrit
Blood Cell Formation
The process of clotting
Blood type based on tests and genetic inheritance
Antigen vs. antibody
Coagulation vs. agglutination
Identify and describe the following blood disorders/conditions:
Leukemia
Leukopenia
Leukocytosis
Anemia
Polycythemia
Blood doping
Sickle-cell anemia
Embolus
Thrombus
Erythroblastosis fetalis