1. Starter – put the following into the correct order…… 1.Adrenal cortex 2.ACTH secreted 3.30 corticosteroids secreted 4.Hypothalamus releases CRF 5.Into bloodstream 6.Into anterior pituitary gland 7.Some help body resist stressors 8.Into bloodstream Which 2 hormones are secreted by adrenal medulla? 4, 6, 2, 5, 1, 3, 8, 7.

2. What will be going on inside these dog’s brains and physiology? Try stretch and challenge and card sort. Why do they not run or fight immediately?

3. AIMS – homework – page 241 q 3 and pages 244 – 245, q 1, 2, A, B, C and D Collect in homework questions. Explain the advantages of innate behaviour. Describe escape reflexes, taxes and kineses as examples of genetically determined behaviour. Explain the meaning of the term “learned behaviour”. Describe the examples of habituation, imprinting, classical and operant conditioning, and latent and insight learning.

4. Animal Behaviour – unit F215

5. Animal Behaviour from invertebrates to mammals

6. Innate and Learned Behaviour Behaviour – the way organisms respond to their environment and other members of their species (or any other species) which increase its chance of survival. Innate – automatically triggered by certain stimuli – inherited response which is always rigidly the same in all members of the species – it is not influenced by the environment. Learned – experiences are retained and used to modify future behaviour. Determined by genetic and environmental influences. Maybe passed on by teaching. Members of species show variety of behaviour. See page 1

7. Which type of behaviour do the following define? (whiteboards) Automatically triggered Develops as a result of experience. A reflex could be an example. Includes “fixed action patterns” Memory influences the response An example is the waggle dance in bees. An example is the sea lion allowing himself to be examined when rewarded with fish.

8. Mare licks newborn foalFoal stands soon after birth and starts to suckle 1. Innate behaviour

9. Dragonfly nymph  adult

10. Dragonfly innate behaviour

11. So what is behaviour? (see page 1 again) Could a definition include the following key words? stimulus, receptor, response, effector, environment, survival, innate, learned 5 mins to complete page 1 or write your own notes – answers on next slide.

12. Innate behaviour is defined as a pattern of inherited behaviour that does not require learning – it is stereotyped These innate patterns of behaviour are subject to the same mechanisms of evolution as any other characteristic. How this might work? Animals with alleles that produce behaviour patterns that give them a selective advantage are more likely to survive and breed and pass on those alleles. Over time, alleles that produce the most advantageous type of behaviour will increase in frequency in the population.

13. It is not always easy to be sure that a behaviour is purely innate. Why not? The behaviour that an animal shows is the result of interaction between genes and environment There is no sharp, dividing line between innate and learned behaviour - the ‘nature/nurture‘ debate Suggest advantages and disadvantages of innate and learned behaviour patterns Often, animals with short life-spans have a greater proportion of innate behaviour than animals with longer life-spans. Suggest why.

14. Ichneumon flies (modifying innate behaviour) Parasite; lay eggs inside caterpillars of a particular species of flour moth. If eggs develop in a different species, resulting adult lays eggs in that species.

15. Laughing gulls – modifying innate behaviour chicks learn quickly to turn their heads towards their parents’ beaks to grasp for the food they bring to them chicks brought up in the dark and fed differently do not learn to rotate their heads

16. 2. Reflexes – e.g. in humans p 2 A human baby is born with survival reflexes e.g. grasping reflex http://tlt.its.psu.edu/mto/psychology/step_reflexes.html See also video clip from birth video

17. Newborn humans ‘know’ how to suckle

18. New born babies are checked to ensure their reflexes are functioning.

20. Iris / pupil reflex stimulus? receptor? effector? response? relaxes contracts

21. Invertebrates rely on 3 types of innate behaviour for their survival. Escape reflexes Kineses Taxes

22. Earthworm – Lumbricus terrestris shows the escape reflex – p2 (see worm!)

23. More Innate Behaviour in invertebrates. (page 4) In invertebrates the direction of movement is often a response to a stimulus. 3. A kinesis is a random ( any direction) orientation movement, but the rate of movement is related to the strength of the stimulus. 4. A taxis is when the direction of the stimulus determines the direction of the response. It can be a positive or negative taxis.

24. So which is a taxis and which is a kinesis? 1.Flatworms (Planaria) move towards the chemical stimulus of food. 2.Photosynthetic Euglena move towards light. 3.Woodlice move about less in humid conditions than in dry conditions. 4.Blowflies fly towards rotten meat and towards light.

25. How do taxes and kineses affect the chances of survival and therefore reproduction? Use the results of the woodlice experiments to answer the above question. Remember that woodlice have external gills and a partially permeable outer surface that could dry out. Shaded areas allow them to hide from predators and be more humid environments. Pages 3/4

26. Kinesis behaviour in woodlice (Oniscus asellus) this link gives information on experiments:- http://www.schools.norfolk.gov.uk/myportal/custom/files_uploaded/uploaded_resources/3732/1_- _lesson_pack.dochttp://www.schools.norfolk.gov.uk/myportal/custom/files_uploaded/uploaded_resources/3732/1_- _lesson_pack.doc Read pages 3 + 4 and explain results below.

27. Woodlice choice chamber experiments. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DTIvSlwvwQ8 Wet /dryhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DTIvSlwvwQ8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nzT9F6knDVs&NR=1 Woodlice + Drosophila lab (3.45 mins start)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nzT9F6knDVs&NR=1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5xBzSIXsRKo&feature=related light/darkhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5xBzSIXsRKo&feature=related Watch the experiments progress or do your own and note results in a table by: 1.Noting the number in each environment (distribution) every minute for 5 minutes, and 2.Noting the behaviour of the woodlice every minute. e.g. direction of movement towards…../following the edge of the chamber/ huddling together/ waving feelers/ not moving. (They may show thigmokinesis, being less active when parts of their bodies are touching other objects.) What was the distribution after one minute and after 5 minutes? Distribution = how many, where.

28. Independent Variable (units) Distribution (numbers of woodlice) and Behaviour Dry conditions or shaded Wet conditions or unshaded 1 2 3 4 5 Dependent variable Border drawn with ruler What will it be?

29. What do you conclude? Is the evidence conclusive? Is there a pattern or is the sample size too small? What evidence can you use to support your conclusion? Kinesis or taxis? Innate/inherited or learned?

31. Taxis behaviour e.g. fly maggots – page 5 and look at Planaria (flatworms)

33. 5. Fixed Action Patterns – more complicated instinctive sequences http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUNZv-ByPkU Egg rolling in Greylag goose Sand wasps and their prey http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b1QN8FBKfyc http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b1QN8FBKfyc They leave paralysed prey at the entrance, go in to turn around and return for the prey to lay an egg next to it. If the prey is mean– while moved away, what do you think they do? Page 6

34. 6. More complex innate behaviour Honey Bee Waggle Dance http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=-7ijI-g4jHg&feature=related What is the dance able to show the other workers? Page 6

35. Put these innate examples of behaviour into 3 stages of complexity. Fixed action patterns Taxes Reflexes Kineses Define each one. Why does the short life span of invertebrates mean that innate responses are more important to their survival than learned ones?

36. Is birdsong learned or innate?

37. Research into white-browed sparrows. http://www.livescience.com/animals/04120 8_sparrow_songs.htmlhttp://www.livescience.com/animals/04120 8_sparrow_songs.html PBR-All things Considered ***PBR-All things Considered

38. Learned behaviour changes or adapts with experience (p 7). This is of greatest survival benefit to..? Long living species with time to learn, Those which care for their young – (young copy parents), Those which live and interact with others of their species. Individuals can therefore adapt to changing environments.

39. Learned behaviour includes….. 7. Habituation 8. Imprinting 9. Classical conditioning 10. Operant conditioning 11. Latent learning 12. Insight learning

40. Learning: 7. Habituation The simplest form of learning is habituation e.g. ragworms living in burrows on the sea bed. If a shadow passes over the burrow, the worm quickly retreats back into its burrow. If the same shadow passes over and over again, eventually nothing happens. The worm has ‘learned’ not to respond. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kfu0FAAu-10&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kfu0FAAu-10&feature=related Rat habituation

41. Answer questions on page 8

42. Habituation in humans http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4Y5MDGQ0KQ&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UiB2ZX1phmc&feature=related Advantage of habituation for survival? Remember, behaviour is naturally selected for survival.

43. Learned behaviour habituation in Aplysia californica, the sea slug Mechanism = Dopamine secretion decreases over time.

44. Learned behaviour habituation in Aplysia californica, the sea slug What happens in the nervous system to produce habituation? Experiments performed in Aplysia californica, the sea slug, were designed to address this problem. Their results are shown schematically in Fig. 19-4. If the siphon of the animal is stimulated mechanically the animal withdraws the gill, presumably for protection. That action is known to occur because the stimulus activates receptors in the siphon, which activates, directly or indirectly through an interneuron, the motor neurone that withdraws the gill. This is a simple reflex circuit. All of this is shown on the left side of the figure. With repeated activation, the stimulus leads to a decrease in the number of dopamine-containing vesicles that release their contents onto the motor neurone. There appears to be no change in the sensitivity of postsynaptic NMDA or non-NMDA receptors. As yet, we don’t know why the dopamine release decreases. It is presumed that habituation in vertebrates, including man, occurs by a similar process.

45. Which are learned and which are innate? Whiteboards Fixed action patterns Habituation Kineses Taxes random ( any direction) movement. direction of the stimulus determines the direction of the response. the rate of movement is related to the strength of the stimulus experiences are retained and used to modify future behaviour.