1. Solutions Chapter 12

2. Vocabulary Solution: a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase Solvent: the dissolving medium in a solution Solute: the substance dissolved in a solution Solution can be liquid or solid or gaseous

3.  liquid-liquid solid-liquid  solid-solid 

4. gas-liquid

5. Factors Affecting the Rate of Dissolution Surface area: greater surface area speeds up the rate Agitation: shaking or stirring speeds up the rate Temperature: higher temperature usually favor a higher rate, except in the case of most gases, then a lower temperature speeds up the rate

7. Like Dissolves Like Polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents Nonpolar solutes dissolve in nonpolar solvents Molecules can have a polar end and nonpolar end (especially if they are large) This is why soap will dissolve grease and then be washed away in water

8. Concentration of Solutions Concentration: a measure of the amount of solute in a given amount of solvent or solution Molarity: the number of moles of solute in one liter of solution Molarity (M) = amount of solute (mol) volume of solution (L)

9. Molarity One mole of NaOH has a mass of 39.998 g. If this mass is dissolved in enough water to make exactly 1.00 L of solution, the solution is a 1 M solution. If 20.0 g of NaOH is dissolved in enough water to make 1.00 L of solution, what is the molarity? 0.500 M NaOH

10. Notice that 1 mol of solute added to 1 L of solvent does not usually make 1 M solution Adding the solute to 1 L will cause the volume to increase

11. The preparation of a 0.0128 M solution of CuSO 4  5H 2 O Start by calculating the mass needed. Convert the mol to mass by multiplying by the molar mass. This mass is 3.20 g.

13. The resulting solution has. 0.0128 mol of solute dissolved in 1.000 L of solution, which is a 0.0128 M concentration

14. Problem You have 3.50 L of solution that contains 90.0 g of NaCl. What is the molarity of the solution? Given : solute mass of 90.0 g NaCl and solution volume of 3.50 L First change g to mol 90.0 g NaCl = 1.54 mol NaCl

15. Continued Divide mol of solute by liters of solution 1.54 mol NaCl 3.50 L solution 0.440 M NaCl

16. Problem You have 0.8 L of a 0.5 M HCl solution. How many moles of HCl does this solution contain? M = mol/L so mol = M  L 0.5 M  0.8 L = 0.4 mol HCl How many grams is this? (use 3 sig figs) 14.6 g HCl

17. Problem If you have 61.9 mL of a 2M solution of HCl, how many moles do you have? Convert 61.9 mL to liters by dividing by 1000. 0.0619 L mol = M  L mol = 0.1238 = 0.124 mol HCl

18. Dilutions Concentrated solutions are purchased in standard molarities called stock solutions You can prepare a less concentrated solution by diluting the stock solution with solvent (usually water) The number of moles of solute does not change when you dilute

19. Making Dilutions The molarity times the volume of the stock solution equals the molarity times the volume of the dilution M 1 V 1 = M 2 V 2 Where M 1 V 1 is the molarity and volume of the stock solution and M 2 V 2 is the molarity and volume of the dilution

20. Problem What volume, in mL of 2.00 M calcium chloride stock solution would you use to make 0.50 L of 0.300 M calcium chloride solution? Write down what you are given M 1 = 2.00 M CaCl 2 V 1 = ? M 2 = 0.300 MV 2 = 0.50 L

21. Continued (2.00 M)(x) = (0.300)(0.50) 2.00x = 0.15 x = 0.075 L Since the answer has to be in mL: (0.075)(1000) 75 mL of the stock solution must be measured and then water added to make 0.50 L

22. Problems What volume of a 3.00 M KI stock solution would you use to make 0.300 L of a 1.25 M KI solution? How many mL of a 5.0 M H 2 SO 4 stock solution would you need to prepare 100.0 mL of a 0.25 M H 2 SO 4 ? If you dilute 20.0 mL of a 3.5 M solution to make 100.0 mL of solution, what is the molarity of the dilute solution? 0.125 L or 125 mL 5.0 mL 0.70 M