1. Terra at 10 The EOS Flagship Eric Moyer NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Md. 20771 Photos provided by Al Lampe May 11, 2010 Goddard Space Flight Center

2. The satellite’s name “Terra,” meaning Earth, was the winning entry in a nationwide student essay contest won by a high school student from St. Louis, Missouri.

3. A Walk down Memory Lane…. What did it take to build Terra?

4. Primary Structure

5. Communications Equipment Module

6. Power Equipment Module Batteries

7. Solar Array

8. The equipment modules were then integrated on to the Primary Structure Power Equipment Module Communications Equipment Module Primary Structure The equipment modules were then integrated on to the Primary Structure

9. Thermal Control Subsystem

10. Guidance Navigation and Control Subsystem

11. Guidance Navigation and Control Subsystem Reaction Wheel Assembly Star Trackers

12. Propulsion Subsystem

13. Flight Software and Simulators

14. Navigation TDRS On-board Navigation System (TONS) Performance has exceeded requirements

15. The Instruments

16. ASTER Instrument METI and ERSDAC, Japan

17. CERES Instrument Langley Research Center, Virginia

18. MISR Instrument Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California

19. MODIS Instrument Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland

20. MOPITT Instrument Canadian Space Agency and University of Toronto, Canada

21. So what did it take to build Terra? A lot of dedication, technology and teamwork!!!

22. View of Terra Equipment Modules Technology and Teamwork

23. View of Terra Instruments Technology and Teamwork

24. Terra Spacecraft was built by Lockheed Martin at the Valley Forge, Pennsylvania facility and managed by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Technology and Teamwork

25. Terra moved to the launch site in California

26. Spacecraft on Transporter with Frame

27. Spacecraft on Transporter bagged for shipment

28. Terra Spacecraft Transportation Container

29. Terra flew on a C-5 aircraft from Dover Air Force Base, Delaware to Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, where it was processed and launched.

30. C-5 on Final Approach to Vandenberg

31. The Solid Rocket Boosters arrive at Vandenberg

32. Transportation System outside Payload Processing Facility at Vandenberg AFB, California

33. Shipping container entering Payload Processing Facility

34. Removing Shipping Container Cover

35. Removing Frame

36. Terra spacecraft being prepared for installation on its Three-Axis Positioner (TAP) TAP

37. Final Check-up/Pre-launch Testing

38. Propulsion Leak Testing

39. Contamination Inspections

40. Inspecting the MODIS instrument lens for dust

41. Inspecting and Cleaning

42. After testing and inspections, Terra received a “GO FOR LAUNCH”!

43. Preparing Terra for positioning on its Payload Adapter Terra: Weight – 5190 kg Diameter – 3.5 meters Length – 6.8 meters

44. Terra mounted to its adapter is then installed in a Launch Vehicle Fairing. Adapter Fairing

45. The Fairing was positioned on top of the Atlas rocket inside the building.

46. Terra Launch December 18, 1999

47. Terra’s systems and Instruments were checked successfully and declared operational.

48. 7/2/2015 GSFC 48 Terra Today

50. 7/2/2015 GSFC 50 The Flight Operations Team (FOT): evaluates Terra’s health and safety, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, performs 27-28 contacts thru TDRS daily ensures that all the science data are downlinked (99.05 % data capture) maintains Terra’s orbit by doing maneuvers  25 Inclination Maneuvers  58 Drag Make Up Maneuvers The instrument teams work with the FOT to manage the operation of the instruments. Taking Care of Terra

51. Tracking & Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) Instrument Teams and Science Investigator-led Processing System (SIPS) Direct Broadcast/ Direct Readout Stations Direct Broadcast (DB) EOS Data and Operations System (EDOS) Data Processing White Sands Complex (WSC) Ground Stations Internet (Search, order, distribution) Research Education Value-Added Providers Interagency Data Centers International Partners Earth System Models Decision Support Systems Distribution and Data Access Data Acquisition Flight Operations, Data Capture, Initial Processing, Backup Archive Data Transport to Data Centers/ SIPSs Science Data Processing, Data Mgmt, Interoperable Data Archive, & Distribution NASA Integrated Services Network (NISN) Mission Services Mission OperationsScience Operations EOS Operations Center (EOC) Mission Control EOSDIS Data Centers Terra Spacecraft ASTER Team CERES Team MISR Team MODIS Team MOPITT Team Terra Ground System

52. 7/2/2015 GSFC As of May 11, 2009, Terra continues to perform very well –Still operating on primary spacecraft components except for the Direct Access System (DB) Module (operating on redundant side) –All the instruments are producing science data –Anomalies have been successfully resolved/accommodated Terra has traveled approximately 1.54 billion miles (55289 orbits)

53. 7/2/2015 GSFC 53 Terra Data Terra has generated 753 terabytes (TB) of data 1.35 million Level zero data products and 324,000 near real time products Data Recovery is ~ 99.05% 5.5 petabytes (PB) of Terra science data have been distributed to the world (public) 2.4 PB of Terra data are archived at geographically distributed data centers located in Colorado, Virginia, Tennessee, Maryland, South Dakota, and California

54. Demand now exceeds 40 million files annually −From national/international scientists, US government, educational institutions, commercial interests Direct Broadcast (Realtime MODIS data): –Over 1000 users at ~ 150 direct broadcast sites world-wide −Uses include −Forest fire detection and prevention −Coastal and fisheries studies and research −Disaster management −Natural resources and environmental research −Agricultural studies and research −Environmental hazard monitoring −Meteorological research and monitoring Terra Data Demand and Distribution

55. EOS Direct Broadcast Sites Worldwide

57. 57 7/2/2015 GSFC Thank you for your attention.

58. 7/2/2015 GSFC 58 Back-up slides

59. Instrument Status (back-up) ASTER −Continues to operate normally except for SWIR detectors −SWIR detector temperature rose and caused data saturation −Cooler recycling attempts failed −Detectors declared non-operating in January 2009 −VNIR, TIR continue to produce science data CERES −Instruments performing as expected, operating nominally since launch −Expected to be able to fully support all science goals during the extended mission with a high probability of success. MISR −Instrument has been performing superbly and reliably since launch −Stability is maintained with bi-monthly activations of the on-board calibrator. MODIS −Instrument continues to show excellent performance −MODIS has lost redundancy (power supply, formatter) −To date, all on-board calibrators continue to function well MOPITT −One of two instrument coolers failed in April 2001 −Led to the loss of 4 of the 8 channels −CO profiles now done using the remaining 4 channels

60. Instrument Status (back-up) ASTER −Continues to operate normally except for SWIR detectors −SWIR detector temperature rose and caused data saturation −Cooler recycling attempts failed −Detectors declared non-operating in January 2009 −VNIR, TIR continue to produce science data CERES −Instruments performing as expected, operating nominally since launch −Expected to be able to fully support all science goals during the extended mission with a high probability of success. MISR −Instrument has been performing superbly and reliably since launch −Stability is maintained with bi-monthly activations of the on-board calibrator. MODIS −Instrument continues to show excellent performance −MODIS has lost redundancy (power supply, formatter) −To date, all on-board calibrators continue to function well MOPITT −One of two instrument coolers failed in April 2001 −Led to the loss of 4 of the 8 channels −CO profiles now done using the remaining 4 channels

61. Project Overview Terra Features Launch Date: December 18,1999 (Atlas IIAS, VAFB) Orbit: 705 km, sun-synchronous polar, 98.2 o  Inclination, 10:30 AM MLT descending node Instrument Payload: –ASTER (SWIR, TIR & VNIR) - Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (Japan) –CERES (Fore & Aft) - Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (USA – Langley) –MISR - Multi-angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer (USA – JPL) –MODIS - Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (USA – GSFC) –MOPITT - Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (Canada) Project Management: Earth Science Mission Operations (ESMO) Spacecraft Flight Operations: Contracted by GSFC to Honeywell / Lockheed Martin team and supported by NASA TDRSS and EPGN Instrument Operations and Science Data processing: Performed at respective Instrument Locations where developed Mission Duration: Successful Prime mission of 5 years. Extended Operation through 9/2011 has been approved. Distributed Active Archive Centers: LP DAAC – MODIS, ASTER; Langley DAAC – CERES, MISR, MOPITT Science The primary objective of the Terra Mission is to simultaneously study clouds, water vapor, aerosol, trace gases, land surface and oceanic properties, as well as the interaction between them and their effect on the Earth’s energy budget and climate.

63. DescriptionStatus Hex Bay Battery Anomaly Cell 50 and multiple Heater Groups failed on 10/13/09 Power is stable. Capable of additional cell failures before impacting Nominal Operations. Limited Heater Control capabilities SSR PWA Anomaly 7 PWAs are currently offline as a result of over-current protection. Re-allocated Buffers to maximize use. Capable of losing a few more supersets before operations require reducing science collection for MODIS and MISR. ASTER will reduce data collection if their buffer is effected. Recycle of Data Memory Unit likely to recover all failed supersets. DAS Modulator Hardware Failure EPC-1 Voltage not being regulated to 5 V on 5/29/08. EPC-1 Current was decreasing as well. Manually turned off DASM-1 on 6/1/08. DASM-1 EPC-1 failure occurred. Switched to DAS Modulator Side 2 cross-strapped with Solid State Power Amplifier Side 1 (SSPA-1) on 6/13/08 No additional DAS Modulator redundancy. Only remaining redundancy in X-Band is limited to switch for SSPA-2. SA Performance Shunt #10 failed to transmit on 9/10/00. Reduces maximum available Solar Array Power by 1/24. Array continues to provide excess power for nominal operations. Still operating array with 15-25 o offset to minimize power generation. Capable of losing 2 more circuits before impacting Nominal Operations Degradation is less than originally expected.

64. Terra Hardware Anomalies (1 of 3) DateIncidentCauseResponse 12/18/1999Solar Array Blanket Box A-side Failed to indicate Open during deployment. Redundant side indicated open. Cause of failure unknown. Able to deploy mast anyway. Blanket Box was separated. Telemetry failed to indicate so. Component is turned off and never planned to be used again. 1/4/2000PMEA Load Resistor Box (LRB) Circuit 1B Failed (1) LRB 1 or harness would require 2 failures to produce observed signature (2) PMEA 1 PWB has single wiring runs to and from LRB circuit relay and potential single point failure at plated through hole for relay pin Evaluated EPC operational range. Determined nominal operations can exist at reduced load. 9/24/2000Solar Array Shunt 10 failed Cause Unknown. Unsuccessful in identifying a single cause of the anomaly and digging further will require addressing multiple failures. Nominal operations was able to continue. Reviewed impact to propulsive maneuvers and continue to watch. 5/7/2001MOPITT Displacer B failed Cause Unknown.The compression wave created by the coolers moves the free floating displacer. This side of the compressor needs to continue operating for counterbalance. Operating at a reduced compression to provide some counterbalance but to prevent the free floating displacer from hitting it's stop causing so-called "Ringing Effect". The failed side does not provide valid science data. 6/15/2001MODIS Power Supply 2 failed Power Supply Shutdown caused by a thermal runaway condition in one of the two Down Regulator FETs. Suspect a High Energy Particle was the cause of the thermal runaway condition damaging the FET Switched to Power Supply 1. 8/4/2001MOPITT Chopper Motor 3 failed The anomaly likely caused a fuse to blow resulting in a permanent failed chopper motor. Transistor Drive Circuit is likely cause. This corrupts the science data on channels 5 & 6. Note: Channels 5-8 are the only channels which provided good science data since the Displacer B Anomaly. Fortunately, Chopper 3 stopped at an open or partially open position allowing data to be captured minimizing the impact to the science data.

65. Terra Hardware Anomalies (2 of 3) DateIncidentCauseResponse 9/10/2002MODIS Formatter A Timing Errors corrupting Science (Degraded Performance) Formatter A has had a history of problems which resulted in processing errors. The likely cause of the Formatter Timing Errors is an incorrectly terminated clock signal. Fixed on Aqua. 9/10/02 MODIS Science data was effected. MODIS Formatter Swap to Side B was performed on 9/17/02. Since the switch, no Formatter Errors have been detected and the data quality is excellent. 5/6/2003MODIS Solar Diffuser Screen Door Failed to Open Areas investigated where: Spring problem, Disc skipped over the engagement pin, Screw pull-up due to door overdrive, Disc damage due to door overdrive, Pin damage due to door overdrive and Thermal stress damage which is the most likely cause. No fix to anomaly has been determined. Instead, the MODIS Solar Diffuser Door was opened on July 2nd, 2003. The door will remain open indefinitely while keeping the Screen door closed. This allows some calibration activities to occur. 12/24/2003MODIS NADIR Door Micro-Switch fails to indicate Opened Faulty SwitchDoes not impact Science Data Collection. 11/22/2004MODIS SRCA Lamp #2 Burnt Out Burnt OutUsing Spare: Lamps #1, 3 and 4 See Comment SSR Print Wire Assembly (PWA) Over-Current Protection Suspect Over-current protection falsely tripped during day/night transitions. Recycling the SSR Data Module Unit (DMU) is likely to reset PWAs and return functionality. PWA-52, DMU-2 (Supersets 102 & 103) occurred on 7/30/03. PWA-26, DMU-1 (Supersets 50 & 51) occurred on 9/24/03. PWA-58, DMU-2 (Supersets 114 & 115) occurred on 9/25/03. PWA-22, DMU-1 (Supersets 42 & 43) occurred on 10/14/03. PWA-6, DMU-1 (Supersets 10 & 11) occurred on 7/31/04. PWA-28, DMU-1 (Supersets 54 & 55) occurred on 8/26/05. PWA-30, DMU-1 (Supersets 58 & 59) occurred on 4/19/07. PWA-14, DMU-1 (Supersets 26 & 27) occurred on 1/9/10. On 6/7/07, swapped DMUs to re-allocate buffers. Increased MODIS and MISR buffers and reduced ASTER Buffer. 3/1/2006MODIS SRCA Lamp #3 Degraded DegradedTerra SRCA lamp #3 has degraded significantly. Lamp #3 not to be used again. Terra SRCA lamp operation will follow Aqua SRCA lamp operation -- no 30W lamp configuration. Does not impact Science Data Collection.

66. Terra Hardware Anomalies (3 of 3) DateIncidentCauseResponse 9/25/04ASTER SWIR Detector Temperature Control degraded. Total loss of useable SWIR science data as of mid June 2008. Degraded performance. Suspect temperature gradient within compressor. ASTER SWIR Compressor unable to maintain ideal detector temperature which initially only impacted capturing bright scenes however, degraded to point of total loss of useable SWIR science data. Multiple attempts were made to restart the compressor with different control temperatures and/or stroke amplitude. Some had limited success, however, degradation continued until data declared unusable. 5/29/08Direct Access System Modulator Side 1 (DASM)-1 EPC-1 failed. Continuing to InvestigateAttempt to power cycle on 6/4/08 was unsuccessful. On 6/13/08, Switched to DASM-2 cross-strapped with Up-Converter-1 and Solid State Power Amplifier-1. Continue with normal operations. 10/13/09Hex Bay Battery Cell #50 failed and 4 of 9 battery heater groups failed Investigation ongoing.Modified Charge Management and heater duty cycle to maintain temperatures.