1. S519: Evaluation of Information Systems Evaluation Criteria Ch3+4

2. Step3: Defining evaluative criteria To build a criterion list, consider the following procedures: A needs assessment Logic model of linking the evaluand to the needs An assesment of other relevant values, such as process, outcomes, and cost A strategy to organize your criterion checklist Make sure that you go into the evaluation with a well-thought-out plan so that you know what you need to know, where to get that information, and how you are going to put it together when you write up your report.

3. Needs assessment Needs that we identify become the outcome criteria we use for the evaluation The data collected during the needs assessment phase can be used as baseline data for comparison if we wish to track change in certain outcome variables.

4. Needs assessment Understand the true needs of your evaluation end users (consumers or impactees) Who are your end users? They are the person or entity who buys or users a product or service, enroll in a training program,etc. Upstream stakeholder (i.e. People on upper level of the structure – manager, designer) Immediate recipients (i.e. People who directly consume your product or service – consumer, trainee) Downstream consumers (i.e. People who indirectly involved in your evaluation)

5. Needs assessment Rules to follow during the evaluation Systematic (step-by-step, thorough) Objective (free from bias) Transparent (easy to repeat and follow)

6. Understanding needs Needs vs. Wants Difference and why A need is something without which unsatisfactory functioning occurs. Different kinds of needs Context dependence Conscious needs vs. Unconsious needs Needs we know and needs we do not know Met needs vs. Unmet needs Building a factory (increase job, but create pollution) Performance needs vs. Instrumental needs „need to do“ something for satisfactory functioning (actual problems) vs. Proposed solutions Access email vs. Lightweight laptop Most of the case, performance needs is considered, but not the instrumental needs

7. Needs assessment method Two phases: Identifying and documenting performance needs Investigating the underlying causes of performance needs

8. Identifying performance needs StepsExamples Document the extent of the presenting need by gathering evidence - Ask police for teen drug arrests Find out more about individuals- Is the drug use more prevalent among boys or girls Look for unnoticed performance needs - e.g. By combining of open-ended inquiry -Have there also been problems with violence, or other crimes - asking parents, teachers or community members Come out the clear picture of the needs - Lay out the evidence Identify the performance needs for an increase in drug abuse by teenagers

9. Investigating the cause of the needs Using logic model Training program Improved skills Improved performance If we implement this We will address this underlying need Which should solve our performance problem

10. Exercise If we implement thisWe will address this underlying need Which should solve our performance problem if that was the true underlying need Training programUnskilled employee Education and communication Improved performance Performance incentivesUnmotivated staff Job enrichmentUnchallenged job Provision of resourcesLack of resources Flexible schedulingHome and work conflict Organizational climate intervention Bad working enviornment

11. More to do Asking potential participants about their needs is just the tip of the iceberg Many important information has to be gathered in some other way Working with experienced upstream impactees Working with project officer for grant writing training program Identifying correct cause by asking open-end inquiry to downstream and upstream impactees  Poor involvement of grant writing  Lack of motivation – increase incentive  Lack of confidence – build up self confidence

12. Other relevant criteria Think about other criteria based on Process evaluation Outcome evaluation Comparative cost-effectiveness Exportability Like: legal, ethical, authenticity, scentific, economic, historical requirements, etc. Being diagnostic Collecting facts

13. Step3: output report Needs assessment Identify consumers or impactees (e.g. Table3.2) Identify different needs (e.g. Table3.3) Logic model (e.g. Exhibit3.6 and Exhibit3.7) An assessment of other relavent values with the consideration of process, outcome and cost (e.g. Table3.4) Organizing your criteria see step4 output report

14. Step4: Organizing criteria and indentifying sources of evidence Rolling design unanticipated criteria may add to the list Existing criteria may be modified Never draw a conclusion based on a single piece of evidence Try to view the same issue from different angles through: Different types of data (both qualitative and quantitative) Multiple sources of information (e.g., existing document, observations, input from more than one group of stakeholders) Triangulation: using different ways or data to verify the conclusion Step-by-Step: start the small scope of data collecting, extend it slowly later on.

15. Checkpoints When organizing your criteria, always keep the followings in mind: Process How good are the evaluand‘s content and implementation Outcomes How good are the impacts on immediate recipients and other impactees Comparative Cost-Effectives How costly is it? Excessive, quite high, acceptable or reasonable Exportability How can we extend this to other settings?

16. The process evaluation checkpoint Process evaluation (Table 4.1, 4.2) Content What the evaluand consists of, i.e., basic components or design) Implementation How well or efficiently the evaluand was implemented or delivered to the consumers who needed it Other features Any other features that make the program good or bad which are not covered by the first two and are not outcomes or cost-related criteria

17. The process evaluation checkpoint Now feed into these three categories with all the process-relevant ingredients we generated from: the needs assessment and other relevant needs (e.g. Table3.3, Table 3.4, Exhibit3.6) Add additional consideration if necessary categorySubcategories and criteriaSource of evdience Content evaluation Implementation evlauation Others (if necessary)

18. The outcome evaluation checkpoint What is outcome Things that happen as a result of the program Outcomes can affect anyone listed as consumers How to do Based on logic model in step3 (e.g. Exhibit3.6 and Exhibit3.7) Organize them into subcategories See Table4.3 (D-p60) categorySubcategories and criteriaSource of evdience Knowledge, skill and attitude gain Application of knowledge, skill and attitudes

19. The comparative cost- effectiveness checkpoint Any evaluation has to take cost into account What are costs? Money Time Effort Space Opportunity costs i.e. If our evaluation use this resources, then other department cannot use them for some time, which generates cost.

20. Cost cube (Scriven, 1991) Type of costs Money, resources, time, opportunities Costs When Preparation, implementation, maintenance, evaluation Costs to whom Participants, community organizations, workshop provider, others D-p61

21. Cost cube table PreparationImplementationMaintenanceEvaluation Money Resources Time Opportunity Costs to Whom Comparison with competitors Find out the most important costs for your evaluation Compare your cost with other competitors

22. The exportability checkpoint What elements of the evaluand (i.e., innovative design or approach) might make it potentially valuable or a significant contribution or advance in another setting Think about examples

23. Step4: Output report Checkpoints for Process (e.g., Table4.1) Outcomes (e.g., Table4.3) Comparative Cost-Effectives (e.g., cost cube table, Exhibit4.2) Exportability Short summary of potential areas for exportability