1. ST. ALOYSIUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING 4 th SEMESTER COMPUTER SYSTEM ORGAINZATION SUBMITTED TO :- SHWETA AGRAWAL SUBMITTED BY :- ANN MARIYA, DEEKSHA, SONA

2. HARDWIRED CONTROL UNIT

3. A control unit can be implemented using a variety of techniques. Most of these fall into one of the two categories:- 1. Hardwired implementation 2. Micro programmed implementation.

4. Hardwired control unit is implemented as a sequential logic circuit or a finite state machine that generates a specific sequence of control signals to execute an instruction. In Micro programmed control unit, micro- instructions are stored in a special memory called control memory. In response to a machine instruction, a set of micro-instruction are executed. Each micro- instructions generates a set of control signals. Execution of micro-program resembles execution of a conventional program.

5. Each state defines current control signal Values Control execution – determines what happens in next clock cycle Current state and current register/flag values Control sequencing -determine next state STATE MACHINE

6. STRUCTURE OF A HARDWIRED CONTROL UNIT IR Sequential logic circuit Control signals clock Status signal Instruction register

7. Hardwired control unit uses fixed logic to interpret an instruction and generate appropriate control signals. While designing a control unit, we have to consider various factors like : 1)Amount of hardware used. 2)The speed of operation. 3)Cost of design.

8. There are four techniques for design of hardwired control unit. They are as follows: 1)State -table method 2)Delay-element method 3)Sequence-counter method 4)PLA method

9. STATE TABLE METHOD It is a classical method of sequential circuit design. It attempts to minimize the amount of hardware. DELAY-ELEMENT METHOD It is heuristic method based on the use of clocked delay element (D-Flip Flop) for control signal timings.

10. SEQUENCE COUNTER METHOD It uses counter for timing purposes. PLA METHOD It uses programmable Logic Array.

11. HARDWIRED CONTROL LOGIC IMPLEMENTATION Finite state diagram Explicit next state function Logic equations PLA Initial representation Sequencing control Logic representation Implementation:

12. STATE TABLE METHOD:- In the state table technique of hardwired control unit, we start with the construction of state transition table. In every state the control unit generates a set of control signals. Control unit transmits from one state to another state depending on its: 1.Current state 2.Input to the controller Above concept is being explained with the help of an example of hardwired control unit for multiplication.

13. Hardwired Control Logic Circuitry becomes very big and complex very soon. – may be unnecessarily slow – simpler is smaller, and thus faster Many lines (states) exactly or almost similar. Have methods to find similar lines (states) and combine them – not simple – save space, may lose in speed

14. HP 9100 Calculator (1968), 20 kg, $5000, 16 regs (data or 14 instructions/reg), 32Kb ROM, 2208 bit RAM magnetic core memory

15. Hardwired Control Logic board

16. REFRENCES- Dilip Kumar Sultania & Google