1. Deep Sea1 The Deep Sea Mesopelagic

2. Deep Sea2 Division of the Deep Sea Mesopelagic Effective light penetration - 1,000 m. Bathypelagic 1,000 - 4,000 m. Abyssopelagic 4,000 - 6,000 m. Hadopelagic 6,000 m. or more

4. Deep Sea4 Sampling Considerations The depth of the habitat creates a logistical problem Animals arrive dead due to the drastic pressure change These problems lead to the possibility of inaccurate conclusions on population size

5. Deep Sea5 Submersibles and ROV’s Submersibles and Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV) are the ideal method for sampling the deep sea Alvin submersible. Photo source: WHOI Visit the Alvin website

6. Deep Sea6 Submersibles and ROV’s Jason II Photo source: WHOI Visit the Jason II website

7. Deep Sea7 The Mesopelagic A world of twilight which cannot support photosynthesis Animals that live in the mesopelagic must deal with the Oxygen Minimum Layer

8. Deep Sea8 Mesopelagic Fauna Krill and copepods dominate Arrow worms, squid, jellyfishes and other invertebrates are important predators Most of the animals that live in the mesopelagic have light organs or photophores

9. Deep Sea9 The Deep Scattering Layer Many mesopelagic animals also migrate to the surface waters at night to eat

10. Deep Sea10 Mesopelagic Fish

11. Deep Sea11 Bioluminescence Definition - _____________________________ Bioluminescence occurs most notably in the mesopelagic Light producing organs are called ___________ What are photophores used for?

12. Deep Sea12 The Deep Sea The world of complete darkness

13. Deep Sea13 Environmental conditions Light Most of the deep sea is aphotic Due to the dependence on the surface waters for nutrients, there is very little life below the mesopelagic

14. Deep Sea14 Pressure Until recently, physiology on these animals was very difficult since bringing them to the surface usually results in mortality

15. Deep Sea15 Temperature At 1000 m temperature is 4-6  C With an increase in depth temperature changes very little There is no other habitat on the planet which exhibits such a stable temperature

16. Deep Sea16 Adaptations of Deep Sea Organisms Food is a limiting factor! How do deep sea organisms ensure food capture?

17. Deep Sea17 Adaptations of Deep Sea Organisms

18. Deep Sea18 Hinged Head

19. You Have Beautiful Eyes

20. Deep Sea20 Reproduction In a sparsely populated world mates are difficult to find Most deep sea fishes are _____________ and attract each other through bioluminescence

21. Deep Sea21 Invertebrates Invertebrates are purple (jellyfish) or red (copepods) Many invertebrates are transparent

22. Deep Sea22 Abyssal Gigantism The phenomena where some species attain large sizes not seen any where else Isopod – sea roach can reach 40 – 50 cm. (Bathynomeus giganteus) Amphipod – 15 cm. (Alicella gigantca)

23. Deep Sea23 Hydrothermal Vents Animals are found concentrated around hot water geysers

24. Deep Sea24 Chemosynthetic Bacteria Using sulfides bacteria create organic compounds Most animals have symbiotic relationships with the chemosynthetic bacteria

25. Vestimentiferan worm These worms contain 10 billion grams of microbes per 1 gram of tissue!