1. Deep Sea 016b

3. 100m dysphotic aphotic photic

4. Deep Ocean Characteristics Cold Still Stable Dark Essentially no productivity Sparse Life Extremely high pressure Little food

5. Deep sea orgs are dependant upon surface production from: Dead phytoplankton, zooplankton, fish, mammals Fecal pellets and crustacean molts Macrophyte detritus Animal migrations

6. Potential food source for deep sea organisms

7. Scavengers can feed on carcass in less than 6 months Whale Fall; i.e., marine snow

8. Factors affecting organic material reaching the sea floor: Storms Seasonal variation

10. 100m dysphotic aphotic photic

12. Ballard & Grassle (1977)- Alvin to Galapagos Sulfur-rich vents 660 o F, but quickly cool to 73 o F Thermophilic bacteria associated with vent communities

13. Hydrothermal vents found at mid-ocean ridge spreading centers.

14. Active hydrothermal vents were first discovered at Loihi in the late 1980's

15. Loihi 15 mi S.E. of Kilauea 3,178 ft below sea level Will reach sea level in ~10,000 yrs

17. Loihi

18. 1.Cold seawater sinks into cracks deep into ocean floor 2.Water heated by magma rises and leaches out minerals from surrounding rocks 3.The water emerges from vents and precipitates out minerals

22. Tube worms- pogonophorans Other orgs: Calyptogena- large white clam Large crabs Sea anemones Shrimp

23. Support communities with high biomass, but low diversity Primary producers are chemosynthetic bacteria 90% endemism Communities are small (25-60m in diameter)

24. Chemosynthesis: Oxygen + hydrogen sulfide + water + carbon dioxide sugar + sulfuric acid 60 2 + 6H 2 S + 6H 2 0 + 6C0 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6H 2 S0 4

25. Photosynthesis: 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 + nutrients + light energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Chemosynthesis: 60 2 + 6H 2 S + 6H 2 0 + 6C0 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6H 2 S0 4

26. Inquiry 1.Where are hydrothermal vents located? 2.How do they form? 3.Why doesn’t the vent water boil? 4.Describe the chemosynthetic bacteria's relationship with the vent and other animals living near the vent.