1. Ancient Greece

2. Geography Greece is a peninsula about the size of Newfoundland in the Mediterranean Sea. It’s very close to Egypt, the Persian empire (includes Turkey) and Rome.

3. Greek geography Greece is mountainous Greek communities often times developed independently because of the mountains, thus they were diverse As a result, they fought each other a lot.

4. Helladic Greece 3000-1100 BC This age of Greek history was dominated by two cultures: The Minoans (who dominated the eastern Mediterranean and the Aegean from 1900- 1400 BC) and the Mycenaeans (who dominated the Aegean from 1400-1100 BC). This age of Greek history was dominated by two cultures: The Minoans (who dominated the eastern Mediterranean and the Aegean from 1900- 1400 BC) and the Mycenaeans (who dominated the Aegean from 1400-1100 BC). Minoan bull statue

5. The Minoans 4000 BCNeolithic civilization on Crete 2800 BCBronze Age civilization on Crete 2200 BCPalaces being constructed on Crete 2200 BCPalaces being constructed on Crete 1900 BC Minoans in full power The throne room excavated by Arthur Evans at Knossos, Crete.

6. The Minoans This civilization is called the Minoans, after the legendary king of Crete, Minos. They were of slight, dark-haired Mediterranean stock from North Africa They were of slight, dark-haired Mediterranean stock from North Africa They were a sea power, based on the lack of fortifications in their cities. They were a sea power, based on the lack of fortifications in their cities. They dominated the Aegean and the eastern end of the Mediterranean. They dominated the Aegean and the eastern end of the Mediterranean. Their art and architecture is left, but not their ideas. Their art and architecture is left, but not their ideas. The bull was an important symbol in their art and architecture. The bull was an important symbol in their art and architecture. Their civilization was unknown until the excavations of Arthur Evans began in 1900. Their civilization was unknown until the excavations of Arthur Evans began in 1900.

7. The Minoans Current evidence suggests that the Minoans were organized very much like the Bronze Age cultures that dominated the Middle East (the Sumerians, the Babylonians, etc.) All of their palaces were built following a common plan, with a throne room and other administrative rooms, private quarters, storage magazines with huge storage jars, and religious rooms organized around a central courtyard.

8. The Minoans Because no one has yet deciphered their writing, referred to as Linear A, their ideas, religious and cultural, are unknown. They are often referred to as a “silent culture.” Their art does express a love of human and natural beauty.

9. The Mycenaeans 2100 The Mycenaeans appear in the area and quickly replace the indigenous people of the Peloponesse. 1700 Family histories from Argos and Athens trace their lineage back to this time. 1600 Mycenaean citadels begin to rival the Minoans in terms of power and influence.

10. The Mycenaeans Previously unknown before the excavations of Heinrich Schliemann at Troy and Mycenae (starting in the 1870s), the Mycenaeans were the historical reality behind Greek mythology.

11. The Mycenaeans This civilization was named after the legendary citadel, where a Greek king named Agamemnon ruled. Since the decipherment of Linear B, a later form of Minoan writing which proved to be a form of Greek, there is a direct connection between Minoan and Mycenaean cultures. Since the decipherment of Linear B, a later form of Minoan writing which proved to be a form of Greek, there is a direct connection between Minoan and Mycenaean cultures. Their society was a world dominated by a ruling class of warrior-princes. Their society was a world dominated by a ruling class of warrior-princes. They also were a sea power, akin to later Celtic pirates in their tactics. They also were a sea power, akin to later Celtic pirates in their tactics. Their massive fortifications as well as art that depicts warriors in battle or hunting shows the importance of martial skills. Their massive fortifications as well as art that depicts warriors in battle or hunting shows the importance of martial skills.

12. Thera and the Minoans Many believe that the Minoan civilization was greatly weakened by a volcanic explosion on the island of Thera, now known as Santorini, around 1640 BC. This date does coincide with the rise of Mycenaean influence in the Aegean as well as the destruction of many Minoan citadels. Aerial view of Santorini

13. Thera and the Minoans Charles Pellegrino and others have made the case that this explosion and the decline of the Minoans was the basis for the myth of Atlantis. The cliffs at Santorini

14. The Fall of the Mycenaeans Sometime around 1200-1100 BC, the Minoan civilization fell, probably due to a combination of factors. Natural disasters like those that helped hasten the end of the Minoans Natural disasters like those that helped hasten the end of the Minoans Internal warfare, as one Mycenaean city made war on another (as in Homer’s Iliad) Internal warfare, as one Mycenaean city made war on another (as in Homer’s Iliad) Invasion by a group known as the Dorians, who entered Mycenaean territory from the northwest Invasion by a group known as the Dorians, who entered Mycenaean territory from the northwest Revolt by slaves. Some believe the Dorians were slaves in the Mycenaean world who rose up against their masters Revolt by slaves. Some believe the Dorians were slaves in the Mycenaean world who rose up against their masters

15. The Sea Peoples From the University of Oregon

16. The Greek Dark Ages 1100-800 BC After the Mycenaean culture collapsed, the Aegean entered a period of decline. The population declined to perhaps as low as one- tenth of its previous levels. Most Mycenaean cities disappeared or were destroyed. The Bronze Age social structure was replaced by smaller, clan-like structures. Literacy almost completely disappeared. Spoken Greek can be traced from the Bronze Age through Dark Ages to the Iron Age, but the writing systems of the Bronze and Dark Ages were completely different.

17. Greek Dark Ages “Greeks had lost the distinguishing marks of civilization: cities, great palaces and temples, a vibrant economy, and knowledge of writing. The Mycenaean kings were replaced by petty chiefs, who had limited power and wealth. Artists stopped drawing people and animals on pots, restricting their decoration to geometric designs. Archaeology shows that during the early Dark Age, Greeks cultivated much less land, had many fewer settlements, and did much less international trade than they had during the period of Aegean civilization. Settlements shrank to as few as 20 people.” "Ancient Greece," Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000. © 1993-1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved "Ancient Greece," Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000. © 1993-1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved

18. Archaic Greece (800-500) Rebirth The resurgence of Greek culture is marked by: The first recorded date in Greek history, 776, the first Olympics. The first recorded date in Greek history, 776, the first Olympics. The epic poems of the oral tradition, such as the Iliad and the Odyssey. These epics looked back across the Dark Ages to Mycenaean times. The epic poems of the oral tradition, such as the Iliad and the Odyssey. These epics looked back across the Dark Ages to Mycenaean times. The writing down of these epics (c. 725 BC). The writing down of these epics (c. 725 BC). The rise of the city-states (the polis). The rise of the city-states (the polis).

19. Rise of the Polis Archaic Greece also saw the development of the polis – the city state. This social institution would dominate Greek culture for centuries as the city states of Sparta, Athens, Corinth, and others developed.

20. Homer The traditional view is that Homer was a blind bard from Chios, in Asia Minor, who was responsible for creating both the Iliad and the Odyssey. If so, Homer lived in the transitional period between the Dark Ages and the return of Greek literacy.

21. Political: Athens was the first democracy. Democracy: type of government where people vote. Well, actually, Athens was a direct democracy where people vote on everything. Canadian today is an example of a representative democracy, where we vote for people to make decisions for us.

22. Direct participation was the key to Athenian democracy. In the Assembly, every male citizen was not only entitled to attend as often as he pleased but also had the right to debate, offer amendments, and vote on proposals. Every man had a say in whether to declare war or stay in peace. Basically any thing that required a government decision, all male citizens were allowed to participate in.

23. Political terms All of Greece wasn’t a democracy. Most of Greece was a monarchy a type of government ruled by a king or queen. At right is Pericles, a good king of Athens.

24. Polis = City-State Greece was divided into city-states, each known as a polis. The two main city-states were Sparta and Athens. The greatest of these was Athens which was a center of intellectual and cultural development - “the nursery of western civilization.”

25. Structure of the Polis Each polis was built around an acropolis, a fortified hill with the temple of the local god at the top.

26. Structure of the Polis At the foot of the acropolis was the agora, an open area used as a marketplace. By 700 B.C. this inner part of the polis had become a city. With the villages and farmland around it, it made up a city-state.

27. Athens Athens was knows for its great navy and was a rival of Sparta. Its ships were known as triremes because they had three levels of rowers.

28. Athens Athenians were tough but were encouraged to engage in activities like art, philosophy, music.

29. Sparta: Introduction Sparta was above all a military state of discipline and courage. Though known for its rigid values and emphasis on physical strength, it was also the most liberal state in regards to the rights and freedoms of its women. Sparta was above all a military state of discipline and courage. Though known for its rigid values and emphasis on physical strength, it was also the most liberal state in regards to the rights and freedoms of its women. Sparta was known for its great army and was a rival of Athens. Their army was known for holding off the Persian army of 250,000 at Thermopylae for three days with only 7000 soldiers. This gave the people of Athens time to escape before the Persians invaded there.

30. Sparta Sparta was an isolated city-state that was culturally and politically different from Athens. Sparta was an oligarchy, government ruled by a few. They had 2 kings. During the Peloponnesian Sparta sacked Athens.

31. Spartan Goal Sparta tried to become the strongest people in Greece. They also disliked change. This would later prove to be a weakness for them. Spartans preferred actions to words. A “Spartan lifestyle” both then and today is one that is simple and highly disciplined with few luxuries.

32. Government the Peloponnesian League was founded by the Spartans as the first permanent alliance system in history, with the intention of ending the bitter wars of earlier years. Sparta was ruled by an oligarchy (a government controlled by a small group of people). The government was mostly concerned with defending their state and turning their army into a military machine. The government did not allow many people into or out of their state, fearing newcomers would weaken the discipline of their people. The Spartan government also consisted of an Assembly composed of men over 60.

33. Spartan Children If infant boys were deemed as weak, they were left to die. At the age of seven every Spartan boy was sent to a military and athletics school that taught toughness, endurance, discipline and survival skills. To make them strong, boys were forced to walk barefoot. Arts and literature were not part of the boys education, many of them never learned to read or write. Between the ages of 18 and 20 males were required to pass a fitness, military ability, and leadership test. If they failed they became a periokoi (middle class citizen), if they passed they became a soldier and a full Spartan citizen. Like boys, infant girls would also be left to die if they were judged to be weak. Though girls were not sent into the military, they received a physical and gymnastic education and were taught to serve the state. Sparta was the only Greek state in which girls were allowed to engage in sports. Girls also had to pass a fitness test between the ages of 18 and 20. If they passed they were assigned a husband and were allowed to return home. If they failed they became a periokoi. Reading was not taught at state schools, but girls were often taught to read at home.

34. Spartan Adults After thirteen years of schooling the Spartan man became a soldier at the age of twenty. The men spent their twenties on the move in the military. They had wives but seldom saw them. They had wives but seldom saw them. They were allotted farmland which was farmed by the helots. At the age of thirty a Spartan man became an equal and was allowed to live in his own house, though he was still at the service at the military. At the age of sixty the men’s military service came to an end. Spartan men were very disciplined and simple. They did not indulge in luxuries and greatly valued strength and courage. Sparta was one of the most liberal states in regards to their views of women. The education of women was a state policy. Most other states did not allow women to leave the house, but the woman of Sparta were free to move as they pleased and enjoyed domestic independence. Because their husbands were often away from home, Spartan wives were in charge of the wealth of the estate, and therefore the Spartan agricultural economy. Women of Sparta had strong political opinions, which was frowned upon by other Greek states such as Athens.

35. Helots Helots were Messenian slaves. Helots made up the very bottom of the Spartan class system. They worked on small plots of land on Spartan estates. The majority of their produce went to the master of the estate. Labour was long and hard with little reward. Helots were property of the state. The helots continuously revolted until they won their freedom in the 4 th century b.c.e.

36. The Delian League The Delian League, based on the island of Delos, was formed to unite the Greek city-states to defend against the Persians. Athens lead the league and gained more and more power over the other city states. Sparta refused to join.

37. The Delian League The other city-states became resentful of Athens’ power over them. A group of city- states led by Sparta waged the Peloponnesian War against Athens for 30 years until Athens surrendered to Sparta. Later, under Spartan control, the Athenians revolted and once more set up a democracy; but they never regained the power they once had.

38. Education Athenian democracy was for free, male Athenians only. Education for men was highly valued. Only boys of wealthy families attended schools. The term academy comes from Athens.

39. Technology results from necessity Since Greek coastal cities were sandwiched between the ocean and the sea, they developed an strong navy for trading and fighting.

40. Technology results from scarcity All cities need fresh water. This is a Greek aqueduct, basically a brick water pipe. The first aqueduct was Assyrian, but most ancient societies had them.

41. Terracing saves water and soil in mountainous environments

42. Greek Inventions The Greeks invented dice. The developed the olympics The Crane

43. Greek Architecture Greeks invented arches and columns. This took advanced mathematics and a developing knowledge of engineering

44. Greek Architecture II

45. The Roman Coliseum has a strong Hellenistic influence.

46. Greek Military This is a catapult, a Greek invention. It could throw 300 pound stones at walls and buildings

47. Greek Military This is a hoplite, a Greek infantry soldier. Hoplites were middle- class freemen who had to pay for their own weapon and shield.

48. Greek Military This formation of soldiers is referred to as a phalanx. Soldiers get in a tight box. They each have a large shield and a 9 foot long spear.

49. During the Trojan War (1240 BCE) charioteers, armed with bows and lances riding chariots with spoked wheels, attacked all at once at speed but generally much of the warfare was completed by foot soldiers Warfare characterized by the destruction of crops as well as fighting between people As soldiers were also farmers and two years of crop destruction could result in starvation, they were well motivated to fight and to get it over with as quickly as possible Along with defending crops from attack, revenge has been identified as a major motivator for battle As the geography of Greece made most areas easily defensible, decisive battles were the norm Phalanx: 8 rows of hoplites standing shoulder to shoulder, armed with iron and wood shields, iron tipped spears, and bronze armor (approximately 70 lbs) Greek Warfare

50. On the morning of battle the hoplites would have a mid-morning breakfast, listen to their commanders exhort them to fight well, sacrifice some sheep and/or goats (sphagia) yell out their battle cry (paean), find some flat ground and fight! The two groups would run into each other at full speed pointing their heavy spears at an enemy on the other side After the first rank hit (Spartan commanders were always in the first rank) the other 7 ranks would pile into them and one side or the other would begin to weaken Hoplites would take out short swords and begin hacking at their opponents legs until one side began to retreat As soon as one side began to retreat, lightly armed and armored troops would begin harassing them Exhausted after this encounter (maybe 30 minutes), some hoplites would discard their arms in order to flee, some would even throw away their armor. Some retreating groups were able to put up an organized resistance but many others would have been killed Greek Warfare II

51. Alexander the Great Alexander was not from Athens, but Macedonia. Alexander was a brilliant military strategist. His favorite book was Homer’s Iliad

52. Alexander conquered the Persian empire and controlled the largest empire the world has ever seen.

53. Alexander spread Hellenistic culture throughout Asia. Hellenistic is a term that means of Greece Alexander spread Greek technology and ideas throughout his empire