1. Daily Warm up Review: What is the function of stratified columnar?
What is one function of adipose?
Which muscle tissue has many nuclei?
What does the term anatomical position mean?
There are a lot of components to the human body: Give an example of how the body is divided?

2. Daily Warm up What is the dorsal cavity and ventral cavity?
2. The thoracic cavity is broken down into three cavities; what are they? And what is in them?

3. Daily Warm up
What is the general function of the integumentary system?
2. Name the organs of the urinary system.

4. Organization of the Human Body
Body cavities, membranes, organ systems, anatomical terminology, body regions
Chapter 1

5. EQ: Where are the organs of the body located?
Human body is a complex structure composed of many parts
These parts are divided into
Cavities
Membranes within cavities
Variety of organ systems

6. Divisions Axial Portions Appendicular Portions Head Neck Trunk
Upper limbs
Lower limbs

7. How is the human body divided?
Answer on your white boards…
Into axial and appendicular portions
Axial – head neck trunk
Appendicular – upper and lower extremities

8. Axial Portions Cranial Cavity Vertebral canal Thoracic Cavity
Organs are called viscera
Abdominopelvic Cavity

9. Body Cavities
The Axial portion of the body is then further divided into two major cavities – the dorsal cavity and the ventral cavity
Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions: Cranial cavity & Vertebral cavity
Ventral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions: - Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities

10. Body Cavities
Ventral Cavity
Figure 1.9a

11. Into what two major cavities is the human body divided?
Answer on your white boards…
Dorsal and Ventral cavities
Dorsal – cranial and vertebral cavities
Ventral – Thoracic and Abdomniopelvic

12. Dorsal Body Cavities Dorsal cavity
Cranial cavity is within the skull and encases the brain
Vertebral cavity runs within the vertebral column and encases the spinal cord

13. Body Cavities
Ventral Cavity
Figure 1.9a

14. Ventral Body Cavities
Thoracic cavity is subdivided into pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity
Pleural cavities – each houses a lung
Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity, and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs
Pericardial cavity – encloses the heart

15. Body Cavities
Figure 1.9b
Thoracic cavity

16. What does the thoracic cavity contain?
Answer on your white boards…
Pleural cavities, mediastinum, & pericardial cavities
Plerual cavities – contains the lungs
Mediastinum – pericardial cavity, esophagus, trachea, & thymus
Pericardial cavity – contains the heart

17. Ventral Body Cavities
The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the superior thoracic cavity by the dome- shaped diaphragm
It is composed of two subdivisions
Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, kidneys, gallbladder and other organs
Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis enclosed by hip bones and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

18. Body Cavities
Figure 1.9b
Thoracic cavity

19. What does the abdominopelvic cavity contain?
Answer on your white boards…
Abdominal & Pelvic cavities
Abdominal cavity– contains stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, small & large intestines
Pelvic cavity – contains the terminal portion of the large intestine, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs

20. Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
Parietal pleura lines internal body walls
Visceral pleura covers the internal organs
Serous fluid separates the parietal and visceral pleura
Potential space between the membranes is called the pleural cavity

21. Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
Figure 1.10a

22. Pericardial Membranes
Visceral pericardium – covers the heart
Parietal pericardium – lines the mediastinum
Paricardial cavity – potential space between the membranes

23. Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
Figure 1.10b

24. Peritoneal membranes Lines the abdominopelvic cavity
Parietal peritonium lines the wall of the abdominal cavity
Visceral peritonium covers the organs of the abdominal cavity
Pertioneal cavity is the potential space between the membranes

25. 25

26. What is the difference between parietal membranes and visceral membranes?
Answer on your white boards…
Parietal membrane – lines the walls of the cavities
Visceral membrane – covers the organs

27. Cavities within the Head
Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the digestive organs
Nasal –located within and posterior to the nose
Orbital – house the eyes
Middle ear – contain bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations
Synovial – joint cavities

28. Organ Systems of the Body

29. Organ Systems The human body consists of several organ systems
Each system has a set of interrelated organs that work together
They work together to maintain homeostasis

30. Organ Systems: Body Coverings
Integumentary System Includes the skin and accessory organs (hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands) Protect underlying tissue, helps regulate temperature, and synthesize certain products

31. Organ Systems: Support and Movement
Skeletal System Includes bones, ligaments, cartilage Provides frameworks and protective shields for soft tissue, attachment for muscles, acts with muscles for parts to move, and contains tissues that produce blood cells and store inorganic salts.

32. Organ Systems: Support and Movement
Muscular System Includes muscles Provides forces that move body parts by contracting and pulling their ends Help to maintain posture and are the main source of body heat

33. Organ Systems: Integration and Coordination
Nervous System Includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory organs Provides communication between each other and muscles and glands using neurotransmitters Detects changes inside and outside the body, interprets these changes and responds to information.

34. Organ Systems: Integration and Coordination
Endocrine System Includes the glands – hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes pineal and thymus - that secrete chemical messengers called hormones. Move through body fluids – blood or tissue fluid – to the a certain type of cell, where it changes the metabolism of the cell. Effects are for longer periods of time, as compared to the nervous system.

35. Organ Systems: Transport
Cardiovascular System Includes heart, arteries, capillaries, and blood Heart pumps blood through the body Blood transports gases, nutrients, hormones and wastes

36. Organ Systems: Transport
Lymphatic System Includes lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen and lymph (fluid) Closely related to the cardiovascular system Transports tissue fluid & certain fatty substances to bloodstream Defends against infections and disease-causing microorganisms and viruses (lymphocytes)

37. Organ Systems: Absorption and Excretion
Digestive System Includes mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small & larger intestine Receives food and breaks it down into simple forms to be passed and absorbed Materials not absorbed are eliminated Can also produce hormones (An accessory organ to the endocrine system)

38. Organ Systems: Absorption and Excretion
Respiratory System Includes nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs Move air into and out of the body Exchanges gases between blood and air

39. Organ Systems: Absorption and Excretion
Urinary System Includes kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra Removes wastes from blood, helps maintain body’s water and salt concentrations Produces urine

40. Anatomical terminology
A set of precise terms to describe anatomy
Clinicians and researchers use these terms to communicate effectively
Terms relate to relative positions of body parts, imaginary planes along which cuts could be made on the body, and describe body regions

41. Anatomical Position Body erect Feet slightly apart
Palms facing forward
Thumbs point away from body
Figure 1.7a

42. What is the anatomical position?
Answer on your white boards…
Body erect
Feet slightly apart
Palms facing forward
Thumbs pointed outward

43. Anterior and Posterior Positions
means towards the front
Posterior –
opposite view of anterior; means toward the back 43

44. Anterior and Posterior view44

45. What is more anterior – the heart or the spine?
Answer on your white boards…
heart

46. Superior and Inferior Views
means the body part is above another part or is closer to the head.
Inferior –
means the body part is below another part or is closer to the feet 46

47. Superior and Inferior Views47

48. What is more inferior – the diaphragm or bladder?
Answer on your white boards…
bladder

49. Medial and Lateral Medial -
relates to an imaginary midline dividing the body into equal left and right halves. Body part is medial if it is close to the midline. (Nose is medial to the eyes)
Lateral –
means toward the side with respect to the imaginary midline (Ears are lateral to the eyes) 49

50. Medial and Lateral Views50

51. What is more lateral – the hand or the hip?
Answer on your white boards…
hand

52. Proximal and Distal
Proximal –
describes a body part that is closer to a point of attachment closer to the trunk than another body part. (Elbow is proximal to the wrist)
Distal –
opposite of proximal; particular body part is farther from a point of attachment compared to the trunk than another body part. (Fingers are distal to the wrist) 52

53. Proximal and Distal Views53

54. What is more distal – the toes or the ankle?
Answer on your white boards…
ankle

55. Superficial and Deep Superficial – situated near the surface Deep –
parts that are more internal 55

56. What is more superficial – the quads or the femur ?
Answer on your white boards…
quads

57. Directional Terms
Table 1.1

58. Directional Terms
Table 1.1

59. BODY PLANES
Observing the relative locations and organization of the internal body parts requires cutting or sectioning the body along various planes.

60. Body Planes Sagittal – divides the body into right and left parts
Midsagittal or medial – sagittal plane that lies on the midline
Frontal or coronal – divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Oblique section – cuts made diagonally

61. Body Planes
Figure 1.8

62. Activity….

63. Regional Terms of the Body
Number of terms designate body regions.

64. Regional Terms: Anterior View
Figure 1.7a

65. Regional Terms: Posterior View
Figure 1.7b

66. Abdominopelvic Regions
Umbilical
Epigastric
Hypogastric
Right and left iliac or inguinal
Right and left lumbar
Right and left hypochondriac
Figure 1.11a

67. Organs of the Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.11b

68. Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Right upper (RUQ)
Left upper (LUQ)
Right lower (RLQ)
Left lower (LLQ)
Figure 1.12

69. Body Cavities

70. Body Cavities

73. Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
Physiology – the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery
Don’t forget they go together- form effects function and function would influence form.

74. Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules 2
Atoms 1
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
Smooth muscle tissue
Heart 3
Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells
Cardiovascular system
Blood vessels
Epithelial tissue
Smooth muscle tissue
Blood vessel (organ) 6
Organismal level The human organism is made up of many organ systems
Connective tissue 4
Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues 5
Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely
Figure 1.1

75. Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world
The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium
Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis