1. Chem 125 Lecture 1 9/6/06 Projected material This material is for the exclusive use of Chem 125 students at Yale and may not be copied or distributed further. It is not readily understood without reference to notes from the lecture.

2. Enter on the white card in this order (no need to write the word “Name”, etc.) Name (pronunciation hints if necessary) Prefer to be Called: (e.g. Jay, not Jethro) Phone and E-mail (if you haven't heard from me yet) Hometown with zip code Previous school & its location Name of your best HS science teacher (with subject) Prospective major(s) Put comments or questions on back.

3. Exam Dates 10 lectures Fri. Sept 29 10 lect Wed. Oct 25 9 lect Fri. Nov. 17 8 lect Mon. Dec 18 100 pts 300 pts Semester grade biased by faithfulness in timely problem set submission

4. Organic Chemistry

5. HELP ! Probably coming later PowerPoints / Lecture Notes (in-class questions / e-mail questions) Course web site: https://webspace.yale.edu/chem125_f06/https://webspace.yale.edu/chem125_f06/ Assigned problems or questions Instructor : Prof. J. M. McBride (Thurs 1-2:30 or by appt) TAs : Joshua Baraban & G ö zde Ulas (Mon/Thurs 7-9 pm) Other Chem 125 students! Alumni (web advice)web advice Course Wiki: wiki (my Safari browser chokes on this link)wiki Text Book: Brian Trantow & David Weinberg (Sun. 8-10 pm) Alumni Teaching Interns:

6. Problems For Friday: 1) Which two class members live nearest you? 2) What are the three most common items of advice from course veterans? For Monday: Isotope problems from Pepys & Newton For Wednesday: 1) Lewis Structures for Functional Groups 2) Are Lewis Structures correct? 3) What do they show?

7. The Big Question

8. How do you know? John McBride (age 3)

9. How do you know? John McBride (age 35)

10. Finger Writes

11. Shows Joshua Faith-based Science?

12. Asks question of Class

13. Class

14. Do not suppose that I was a very deep thinker, or was marked as a precocious person. I was a very lively imaginative person, and could believe in the Arabian Nights as easily as in the Encyclopaedia. But facts were important to me, and saved me. I could trust a fact, and always cross- examined an assertion. So when I questioned Mrs. Marcet's book by such little experiments as I could find means to perform, and found it true to the facts as I could understand them, I felt that I had got hold of an anchor in chemical knowledge, and clung fast to it. Michael Faraday, 1858 National Portrait Gallery

15. When someone says science teaches such and such, he is using the word incorrectly. Science doesn't teach it; experience teaches it. If they say to you science has shown such and such, you might ask, "How does science show it - how did the scientists find out - how, what, where?" Not science has shown, but this experiment, this effect has shown. Learn from science that you must doubt the experts… Science is the belief in the ignorance of experts. (to Nat’l Science Teachers Assn. 1966) Why quote Feynman? No. Because what he says makes sense. Because he is an expert?

16. Budiansky Cover

17. How do we know?

18. 17th Century 1800 Lavoisier Oxidation 1900 Planck Quantization Newton Gravitation Bacon Instauration Luther Reformation Columbus Navigation 2000 Us 17001600 Robt. Hooke (1635-1703) 1500 Copernicus Revolution Hooke (1665)

19. On his scholastic Cambridge tutors: "Men of sharp wits, shut up in their cells of a few authors, chiefly Aristotle, their Dictator." Shakespeare (1564-1616) All the philosophy of nature which is now received, is either the philosophy of the Grecians, or that other of the alchemists … The one is gathered out of a few vulgar observations, and the other out of a few experiments of a furnace. The one never faileth to multiply words, and the other ever faileth to multiply gold. Galileo (1564-1642) Francis Bacon (1561-1626) Instauratio Magna The Great Restoration Novum Organum Inductive Scientific Method to replace Aristotelian deduction ? www.confluence.org Pillars of Hercules Jebel Musa (Morocco) Jebel al Tarik (Gibraltar) PLUS ULTRA To Sept 17 Not to be Missed!

20. "Many will pass through and knowledge will be increased. ” Daniel 12:4

21. Instauratio Magna (1620) “…that wisdom which we have derived principally from the Greeks is but like the boyhood of knowledge, and has the characteristic property of boys: “…it is but a device for exempting ignorance from ignominy.” “…the end which this science of mine proposes is the invention not of arguments but of arts.” “…not so much by instruments as by experiments …skilfully and artificially devised for the express purpose of determining the point in question.” “restoration of learning and knowledge” it can talk, but it cannot generate;”

22. Horology Meteorology Chemistry Astronomy Royal Society 1662 Ac ne forte roges, quo me..duce, quo lare tuter, Nullius addictus jurare in....verba magistri Quo me cumque rapit........tempestas, deferor hospes............. Horace (15 B.C.) Lest you ask who leads.... me, in what household.. I lodge, There is no master in...... whose words I am........ bound to take an oath, Wherever the storm........ forces me, there I put in.. as a guest. “The Royal Society for the Improving of Natural Knowledge by Experiments” (the late) Francis Bacon Viscount Brouncker (President) Navigation

23. Experimentum Crucis “Crucial” www.bluestreetjazzband.com

24. Experimentum Crucis Newton’s “Experimentum Crucis” (1666 -1672)  Light is a substance; not Hooke’s waves. “Nec variat lux fracta colorem.” “The broken light does not change its color.”

25. Robert Boyle (1627-1691)

26. 1676

27. anagrams Hooke (1660) 0.1% = 10  10,000 Inventions

28. 1678

30. F = -k  x Hooke’s Force Law!

31. Scale

32. Are There Atoms & Molecules? What Force Holds Atoms Together?

33. When does a Chain of Atoms Snap?

34. Force Laws & Molecular Structure SpringGravity / Electrical Charge Balanced minimumBalanced minimum ! F = -k  xF = -k / (  r) 2 Energy Single MinimumDouble Minimum xx 

35. Morse Potential (1929) Snaps at Inflection Point Sum (Change from direct to inverse force)