1. CLAS3051 Water Supply and Ideas About It

2. Physical Need for Water Body is 2/3 water 250ml is lost per day through breathing Double or triple in heat (cooling)‏ Transports waste out of cells and nutrients into them Necessary for nearly all bodily functions Cannot survive a week without

3. Mediterranean Climate Mostly arid to semi-arid Dry farming techniques employed in most part  one aim is to preserve soil moisture  not deep ploughing Therefore, one basis of med. civilization is water- supply  Greek polis improves through distribution of water  water figures largely in religious ceremony

4. Aqueduct of Samos Engineered by Eupalinos in 6 th century BC Over 1km long through a mountain Problem of water supply grave in land of hot summers, porous limestone bedrock

5. Enneakrounos 'nine-nozzled fountain' at Athens

6. Other Healthful Uses Some forms of washing 4 th c. BC statue of woman at luterion Latrines Examples from Rome, dozens in one place, without dividers

7. Roman Baths: On the Frontier

8. Sources: Springs Produced by porous rock (i.e. limestone) on outcrops, acropoleis (fig. From Higgins and Higgins)‏ Klepsydra at Athenian acropolis one basis of settlement

9. Klepsydra Through Roman Times

11. Sacred Springs Elsewhere Mt. Zaghouan in Tunisia

12. Cisterns

14. Leading Water: Aqueducts Roman engineering Tunis, Africa:  8 million gallons of water / day Pont du Gard, France

15. Aqueducts at Rome

16. Sealed Aqueducts German example Underground travel Bridges only fraction of total distance travelled Some reverse siphons

17. Engineering Feats Continuous gentle decline Sometimes mere meters over 10s of kilometres Subject to stress in cement

18. Distribution Within Town Lead pipes Rolled construction Not the danger sometimes supposed Vitruvius warns against Private use for well-to- do

19. Cleanliness Romans preferred aqueducts from springs Visible pollutants avoided (mud, etc.)‏ Some consideration of 'hard' water Settling tanks Storage? “It is agreed that all water is more serviceable when boiled.... It purified bad water to boil it down by half” (Pliny NH 31.40).

20. Water and Medical Theory Hippocrates' Airs, Waters, Places

21. Stagnant Water “Water from marshes and lakes will necessarily be warm, thick and of an unpleasant smell in summer. Because such water is still and fed by rains, it is evaporated by the hot sun. This is it coloured... and productive of biliousness. In winter it will be cold, icy and muddied by melting snow and ice. This makes it productive of phlegm and hoarseness”

22. Hard Water Mineral deposits lined water ways Due to underground sources Considered 'heavy' or 'hard' by Hippocratics

23. The Midterm 40% who? what? 25% discussion passages 35% long answer

24. Who? What? Midwives Presocratics Alcmaeon of Croton Rites of passage Adulthood Olives / grains (not one you studied)‏

25. Discussion Passage Identify as much as possible: author, date, context Discuss with reference to context of course

26. Long Questions How did Presocratic thought influence Hippocratic medicine?

27. Advice Be specific with respect to persons, dates, etc. (this is a history course!)‏ Be vague if you have to be Cite sources if you can Organize your thoughts