1. CIS 314 Introduction (1) Fall 2007 CIS 314: Computer Organization Lectures: Ginnie Lo Discussions: Han Qin www.cs.uoregon.edu/classes/cis314

2. CIS 314 Introduction (2) Fall 2007 What is this course all about? ° Fundamental concepts about how a computer works The five basic components of a computer How everything boils down to 1’s and 0’s How a computer program is executed by the hardware (vonNeumann architecture) Machine language: the basic language that a computer ‘understands’ How the basic instructions in a machine language are carried out by the computer hardware (fetch-execute cycle)

3. CIS 314 Introduction (3) Fall 2007 What is this course all about? (cont.) ° Intermediate topics about how a computer works A little about how a program in a high level language like C gets translated into machine language (More what than how. The how is really the topic of our compilers course) How to measure computer performance How the computer architecture is designed to maximize performance: - CPU design: Pipelining - Memory design: Caching

4. CIS 314 Introduction (4) Fall 2007 Skills acquired in 314 ° Assembly Language Programming in MIPS (RISC machine) A side effect of understanding the key ideas (not the goal of this course) ° Logic Design (Math 231 is useful!) A little about how to design computer components from logic gates ° Unix Basics Basic commands and tools

5. CIS 314 Introduction (5) Fall 2007 Textbook ° Required: Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface, Third Edition REVISED, Patterson and Hennessy (P&H). The third edition has many errors that are corrected in the revised third edition. ° We’ll use both the textbook and the CD included with it ° I will give out additional handouts in class.

6. CIS 314 Introduction (6) Fall 2007 Weekly Schedule ° Lectures - Principles and concepts MWF 10-10:50 ° Discussion Sessions - Assignments, quizzes F 12:00 – 12:50 F 3:00 – 3:50 ° Please come to class on time ° Class Schedule is available online It will change every week to adjust to class pace. Watch for changes is due dates!!!

7. CIS 314 Introduction (7) Fall 2007 Course Assignments ° homework assignments; due in lecture class, returned in discussion section - NO LATE ASSIGNMENT IS ACCEPTED - We will DROP your lowest assignment grade. ° Programming assignments You will use the SPIM simulator. Grading is based on how your program runs on the department machines. Get CS UNIX accounts before Wednesday ° in-class Quizzes

8. CIS 314 Introduction (8) Fall 2007 Quiz Question #1 ° Who is this person? ° List two of his key accomplishments (at least one relevant to computer science) ° Where can you find an image of this person in the CIS department (Deschutes Hall)?

9. CIS 314 Introduction (9) Fall 2007 Quiz Question #2 What is the name of this processor, who manufactured it, and what game engine uses it? List some of the unique HW features of this processor?

10. CIS 314 Introduction (10) Fall 2007 Quiz Question #3 What machine is this a diagram of, where is it located, and what is it used for?

11. CIS 314 Introduction (11) Fall 2007 Quiz Question #4 ° Name one other person in this photo besides me. ° Name the most famous person in this photo. ° What is he famous for that relates to this course?

12. CIS 314 Introduction (12) Fall 2007 Quiz Question #5 ° What is the chunk of metal that Ginnie passed around in class? ° Approximately what is its capacity? ° How does it store the value 0 versus the value 1?

13. CIS 314 Introduction (13) Fall 2007 Two Exams Midterm: Monday Oct. 29 - One sheet of notes allowed - Review session TBD Final: Friday Dec 7 @ 10:15 AM - One sheet of notes allowed - Review session TBD

14. CIS 314 Introduction (14) Fall 2007 GRADING 15% Homework Assignments 10% Quizzes 15% Programming assignments 30% Midterm 30% Final x% Extra credit !!

15. CIS 314 Introduction (15) Fall 2007 Course Problems…Cheating ° What is cheating? Studying together in groups is encouraged. Turned-in work must be completely your own except on group problems. Common examples of cheating: saving somebody else’s work to a floppy/remote site, take homework from box and copy, person asks to borrow solution “just to take a look”, copying an exam question, … Both “giver” and “receiver” are equally culpable ° Offenses will be referred to the Office of Student Judicial Affairs and to the dept. ( http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/%7Econduct/)

16. CIS 314 Introduction (16) Fall 2007 Powerpoint Lecture Slides ° Credit to Visiting professor Juan Flores, and former GTF Dayi Zhou Dan Garcia, UC Berkeley Computer Science department, for many of the slides for this course Reza Rejaie, UO Computer Science department ° Slides will be available online in.ppt and.pdf formats

17. CIS 314 Introduction (17) Fall 2007 What is Computer Organization? Where is the HW/SW Interface? * Coordination of many levels (layers) of abstraction I/O systemProcessor Compiler Operating System (Unix) Application (C program) Digital Design Circuit Design Instruction Set Architecture Datapath & Control Transistors Memory Hardware Software Assembler

18. CIS 314 Introduction (18) Fall 2007 Levels of Representation High Level Language Program (e.g., C) Assembly Language Program (e.g.,MIPS) Machine Language Program (MIPS) Hardware Architecture Description (e.g., Verilog Language) Compiler Assembler Machine Interpretation temp = v[k]; v[k] = v[k+1]; v[k+1] = temp; lw $t0, 0($2) lw $t1, 4($2) sw $t1, 0($2) sw $t0, 4($2) 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 Logic Circuit Description (Verilog Language) Architecture Implementation wire [31:0] dataBus; regFile registers (databus); ALU ALUBlock (inA, inB, databus); wire w0; XOR (w0, a, b); AND (s, w0, a);

19. CIS 314 Introduction (19) Fall 2007 Anatomy: 5 components of any Computer Personal Computer Processor Computer Control (“brain”) Datapath (“brawn”) Memory (where programs, data live when running) Devices Input Output Keyboard, Mouse Display, Printer Disk (where programs, data live when not running) Stored program concept (John vonNeumann) Program = Data

20. CIS 314 Introduction (20) Fall 2007 Technology Trends: Microprocessor Complexity 2X transistors/Chip Every 1.5 years Called “Moore’s Law” Alpha 21264: 15 million Pentium Pro: 5.5 million PowerPC 620: 6.9 million Alpha 21164: 9.3 million Sparc Ultra: 5.2 million Moore’s Law Athlon (K7): 22 Million Itanium 2: 410 Million

21. CIS 314 Introduction (21) Fall 2007 Moore’s Law: 2X transistors / “year” “Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits” –Gordon Moore, Electronics, 1965 # on transistors / cost-effective integrated circuit doubles every N months (12 ≤ N ≤ 24)

22. CIS 314 Introduction (22) Fall 2007 Moore’s Law ° Gordon Moore - co-founder of Intel observed and predicted a trend: ° Density of data on a chip would double every year ° (Specifically density of transistors on an integrated circuit) ° True for 4 decades. Has slowed a little to double every 18 months. Expected to continue for at least two more decades. ° Implications: increased performance, decreased cost

23. CIS 314 Introduction (23) Fall 2007 Technology Trends: Processor Performance 1.54X/yr Intel P4 2000 MHz (Fall 2001) We’ll talk about processor performance later on… year Performance measure

24. CIS 314 Introduction (24) Fall 2007 Crossroads: Uniprocessor Performance VAX : 25%/year 1978 to 1986 RISC + x86: 52%/year 1986 to 2002 RISC + x86: ??%/year 2002 to present From Hennessy and Patterson, Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, 4th edition, October, 2006

25. CIS 314 Introduction (25) Fall 2007 Technology Trends: Memory Capacity (Single-Chip DRAM) year size (Mbit) 19800.0625 19830.25 19861 19894 199216 199664 1998128 2000256 2002512 Now 1.4X/yr, or 2X every 2 years. 8000X since 1980!

26. CIS 314 Introduction (26) Fall 2007 Computer Technology - Dramatic Change! ° Memory DRAM capacity: 2x / 2 years (since ‘96); 64x size improvement in last decade. ° Processor Speed 2x / 1.5 years (since ‘85); 100X performance in last decade. ° Disk Capacity: 2x / 1 year (since ‘97) 250X size in last decade.

27. CIS 314 Introduction (27) Fall 2007 Computer Technology - Dramatic Change! ° State-of-the-art PC when you graduate: (at least…) Processor clock speed: 3-4 GHz Number of cores: 2-4 Memory capacity: 4.0 GB Disk capacity: 2000 GB (2.0 TB = TeraBytes) New units needed for the future! (Kilo, Mega, Giga, Tera, Peta, Exa, Zetta, Yotta = 10 24 )

28. CIS 314 Introduction (28) Fall 2007 Summary ° Continued rapid improvement in computing 2Xevery 2.0 years in memory size; every 1.5 years in processor speed; every 1.0 year in disk capacity; Moore’s Law enables processor (2X transistors/chip ~1.5 yrs) ° 5 classic components of all computers Control Datapath Memory Input Output Processor }} I/O

29. CIS 314 Introduction (29) Fall 2007 To Do: ° Fill out personal survey form and return to me today or Wed. ° Quiz 0 due on Friday (group assignment for extra credit). One solution with all names.. ° Mug shot (by Friday) ° Sign up for department computer account (you need to turn in signed form to front office.