1. Computer Organization: Introduction Spring 2006 Jen-Chang Liu ( http://staffweb.ncnu.edu.tw/jcliu/course/cod2006.html )

2. Teaching materials Textbook "Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface", David A. Patterson and John L. Hennessy, 3rd Edition, 2005, Morgan Kaufmann "Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface" Web pages Most of the slides are adapted from U.C. Berkeley course for machine structures http://www-inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs61c/

3. Grading Policy Grading policy Midterm Exam: 20% Final Exam:25% Homework, Quiz, Project 45% TA Bonus 15% Scores will be posted on course homepage email request for correction of grades

4. Class Schedule 10:10~12:00 Tuesday Regular class 13:10~14:00 Monday Quiz: 上週課程，作業的內容 Laboratory in computer room Monday morning TA assignment

5. Course Problems Can ’ t attend midterm, final exam. Tell us early and we will schedule alternate time before exam 期末考未到以零分計算 No delay for homework Problem with homework score must email me or TA within one week

6. Course Problems What is cheating? Studying together in groups is encouraged Work must be your own Common examples of cheating: running out of time on a assignment and then pick up output, take homework from box and copy, person asks to borrow solution “ just to take a look ”, copying an exam question,... Better off to skip assignment (how much can one assignment mean?)

7. Penalties for cheating Cheat for Homework or Quiz: 0 for any cheating More than 2 cheats, you will fail in this course Cheat in Exam: 0 for the course

8. What is “ Computer Organization ” ? I/O systemProcessor Compiler Operating System (Windows, etc) Application (programs) Digital Design Circuit Design Instruction Set Architecture Datapath & Control transistors Memory Hardware Software Assembler High level Low level

9. Levels of Representation High Level Language Program (e.g., C) Assembly Language Program (e.g.,MIPS) Machine Language Program (MIPS) Control Signal Specification Compiler Assembler Machine Interpretation temp = v[k]; /* swap v[k] and v[k+1] */ v[k] = v[k+1 ]; v[k+1] = temp; lw $t0,0($2) lw $t1,4($2) sw $t1,0($2) sw $t0,4($2) 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 wire w0; XOR (w0, a, b); AND (s, w0, a);

10. Anatomy: 5 components of any Computer Personal Computer Processor (active) Computer Control (“brain”) Datapath (“brawn”) Memory (passive) (where programs, data live when running) Devices Input Output Keyboard, Mouse Display, Printer Disk (where programs, data live when not running)

11. Five components of computer Input, output, memory, datapath, control

12. Textbook Outline Chap. 2: Machine Instructions, 100 pages! We will use a simulator to learn the machine language Chap. 3: Arithmetic for computers Chap. 4: Performance Chap. 5: Datapath and control Chap. 6: Processors Chap. 7: Memory Chap. 8: I/O

13. Aim of this course “ Show the relationship between hardware and software and focus on the concepts that are the basis for current computers ” 計組是研究所考試必考科目 Advanced classes Operating system Advance computer architecture ( 杜老師 )

14. So what's in it for me? Computer Organization Study from a programmer's view What the programmer writes How it is converted to something the computer understands How the computer interprets the program What makes programs go slow/fast

15. Chapter 1: Computer abstractions and technology

16. Hierarchical view of hardware and software

17. Technology Trends: Memory Capacity (1 Chip DRAM) year size(Megabit) 19800.0625 19830.25 19861 19894 199216 199664 2000256 2004 1G Now 1.4X/yr, or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980

18. Technology Trends: Microprocessor Capacity 2 X transistors/Chip Every 1.5 years “Moore’s Law” 2 X transistors/Chip Every 2 years

19. Technology Trends: Processor Performance

20. Computer Technology => Dramatic Change Processor 2X in speed every 1.5 years; 100X performance in last decade Memory DRAM capacity: 2x / 2 years; 64X size in last decade Disk capacity: > 2X in size every 1.0 years 120X size in last decade

21. Computer Technology => Dramatic Change State-of-the-art PC when you graduate: Processor clock speed: 5000 MegaHertz (5.0 GigaHertz) Memory capacity: 4000 MegaByte (4.0 GigaBytes) Disk capacity:2000 GigaBytes (2.0 TeraBytes) New units! Mega => Giga, Giga => Tera

22. Summary Continued rapid improvement in computing 2Xevery 2.0 years in memory size; every 1.5 years in processor speed; every 1.0 year in disk capacity; Moore ’ s Law enables processor (2X transistors/chip ~2 yrs) 5 classic components of all computers Control Datapath Memory Input Output Processor }