1. GeneratorsGenerators and Motors Textbook Section 23-6 Physics 1161: PreLecture 16

2. Review: Two uses of RHR’s Force on moving charge in Magnetic field –Thumb: v (or I) –Fingers: B –Palm: F on + charge Magnetic field produced by moving charges –Thumb: I (or v for + charges) –Fingers: where you want to know B –Palm: B Palm: out of page. B I F + v +++ Thumb: out Fingers: up Palm: left. x

3. Review: Two uses of RHR’s Force on moving charge in Magnetic field –Thumb: v (or I) –Fingers: B –Palm: F on + charge Magnetic field produced by moving charges –Thumb: I (or v for + charges) –Fingers: curl along B field Palm: out of page. B I F + v +++ I

4. Review: Induction Lenz’s Law –If the magnetic flux (  B ) through a loop changes, an EMF will be created in the loop to oppose the change in flux –EMF current (V=IR) additional B-field. Flux decreasing => B-field in same direction as original Flux increasing => B-field in opposite direction of original Faraday’s Law –Magnitude of induced EMF given by:

5. Review: Rotation Variables v, , f, T Velocity (v): –How fast a point moves. –Units: usually m/s Angular Frequency (  ): –How fast something rotates. –Units: radians / sec  r v v v =  r f =  / 2  T = 1 / f = 2  /  Frequency ( f ): –How fast something rotates. –Units: rotations / sec = Hz Period (T): –How much time one full rotation takes. –Units: usually seconds

6. Generators and EMF  rL = A  side 1 =  r B L sin(  )  side 2 =  r B L sin(  )  loop =  side 1 +  side 2  2  r B L sin(  )  loop =  A B sin(  )  loop =  A B sin(  t) v v x   r 1 2  t  AB  AB EMF is voltage!  side 1 = v B L sin(  ) v =  r

7. ACT: Generators and EMF x  =  A B sin(  ) x x 1 2 3 At which time does the loop have the greatest emf (greatest  /  t)? 1) Has greatest flux, but  = 0 so  = 0. 2) (Preflight example)   30 so    AB/2. 3) Flux is zero, but  = 90 so  =  AB. θ

8. Comparison: Flux vs. EMF Flux is maximum –Most lines thru loop EMF is minimum –Just before: lines enter from left –Just after: lines enter from left –No change! Flux is minimum –Zero lines thru loop EMF is maximum –Just before: lines enter from top. –Just after: lines enter from bottom. –Big change! x x

9. Generators and Torque v v x   r  =  A B sin(  ) Recall:  = A B I sin(  ) =  A 2 B 2 sin 2 (  )/R Torque, due to current and B field, tries to slow spinning loop down. Must supply external torque to keep it spinning at constant  Voltage! Connect loop to resistance R use I=V/R: I =  A B sin(  ) / R