1. Sound and Meaning

2. Rhythm and Sound Rhythm and sound cooperate to produce what we call the music of poetry This music, as we have pointed out, may serve two general functions; it may be enjoyable in itself, or it may be used to reinforce meaning and intensify the communication

3. Sounds and meaning The peculiar function of poetry as distinguished from music, however, is to convey not sounds but meaning or experience through sounds. In poetry the sound exists not for its own sake nor for mere decoration, but as medium of meaning. Its function is to support the leading player, not to steal the scene

4. Use of words for sound Onomatopoeia: use of words which sound like what they mean example: hiss snap bang

5. Group of words to produce sounds Phonetic intensive, whose sound, by a process as yet obscure, to some degree connects with their meaning. An initial fl sound, for instance, is often associated with the idea of moving light as in flame, flare, flash, flicker

6. Euphony A second way that the port can reinforce meaning through sound is to choose sounds and group them so that the effect is smooth and pleasant sound The vowel are in general more pleasing than the consonants, for vowel are musical ones, whereas the consonants are merely noises

7. cacophony The poet can reinforce meaning through sound by choosing sounds and group them so that the effect is rough and harsh sounding Good poets will not necessarily seek out the sounds that are pleasing and attempt to combine them in melodious combinations.

8. Euphony and cacophony The use of sound in verse almost purely for its own sake and the use of sound in verse almost purely to imitate meaning. But between these there is an abundant range of poetic possibilities where sound is pleasurable for itself without violating meaning and where sound to varying degrees corresponds with and corroborates meaning

9. Pattern Stanzaic form Fixed form sonnet Italian sonnet English sonnet ballad